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Psyc 2330 Final > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain associative learning

A

Basics of Ivan Pavlov’s discovery of conditioned reflexes serve as historical backdrop for current learning theories
- classical or “pavlovian” conditioning

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2
Q

Most popular form of classical conditioning?

A 
Looking at dog digestion:
US = food
UR = salivation
CS = bell
CR = salivation
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3
Q

What becomes an executor of the behaviour in classical conditioning?

A

the CS

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4
Q

Unconditioned response

A

natural reaction, not a learned behaviour

e. g. fear caused by a loud explosion
e. g. salivation to the smell of food

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5
Q

What is conditioned inhibition?

A

two procedures to induce conditioned inhibition

  1. differential inhibition
  2. conditioned inhibition

In both procedures, CS#2 becomes an inhibitor of behaviour

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6
Q

Explain differential inhibition

A

CS#1 –> US

CS#2 –> no US

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7
Q

Explain conditioned inhibition

A

Step 1. CS#1 –> US
Step 2. CS#1 + CS#2 –> no US
- when presented together, CS#2 acts as an inhibitor

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8
Q

What are two tests to test conditioned inhibition?

A
  1. Summation

2. retardation of acquisition

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9
Q

Explain summation

A

CS#3 (a CS+) is presented with CS#2 = no CR

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10
Q

Explain retardation of acquisition

A

CS#2 –> US = the CR will develop very slowly

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11
Q

Drugs of abuse would be considered?

A

the unconditioned stimuli

- activation of the reward pathway

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12
Q

Effects of physiology due to the injection of drugs of abuse would be considered?

A

unconditioned response

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13
Q

Drug predictive stimuli would be considered?

A

Conditioned stimuli

- S-S learning

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14
Q

Alternative S-S* learning

A
  1. pseudo-conditioning

2. sensitization

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15
Q

Explain pseudo-conditioning

A

increased responding to the CS that occurs because of mere exposure to the US

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16
Q

Explain sensitization (S-S* learning)

A

increased responding tot he CS that occurs because of mere exposure to the CS

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17
Q

Explain post-conditioning devaluation (US devaluation)

A
  1. Associates CS with US –> response
  2. direct link between CS and UR
  3. change value of US as result of test
    - during test, take food and pair with something nasty
    - devaluate = make dog sick
  4. redo test the next day - what does the animal do?
    - if it salivates, no concept of food
    - if it doesn’t salivate = bell reminds animal of food (usually CR goes away when US is devaluated)

–> Supports Pavlov’s S-S theory

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18
Q

Explain second order conditioning

A

First order CS = tone
First order conditioning = tone –> food (conditioning)
TEST: tone induces salivation

Second order CS = light
Second order conditioning = light –> tone
TEST: light induces salivation (even though light was never directly paired with food)

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19
Q

Explain sensory pre-conditioning

A

similar to second order conditioning but CS-CS association done before US is introduced
1. sensory pre-conditioning: tone light
2. conditioning: tone –> food
TEST: tone induces salivation, so does light

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20
Q

Important characteristic of CS?

A

Don’t choose a CS, that by itself can produce a strong response

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21
Q

Components of eye blink conditioning

A 
US = puff of air to the eye
CS = tone
UR = eye blink
CR = eye blink
22
Q

Components of fear conditioning

A 
US = foot shock
CS = tone
UR = jumping
CR = automatic/somatic responses
23
Q

Example of contextual conditioning

A

rat in a two sided box - alternating shots of heroin/saline

- rat chooses side in which it was previously injected with heroin

24
Q

3 types of conditioned responses

A
  1. automatic - increase in heart rate, salivation, sweating
  2. motivational - emotions, change in affect
  3. somatic - movement toward/away stimulus
25
Q

Measure of fear can be done by?

A

amount of decrease in behaviour

26
Q

Explain the suppression ratio

A

An index used to measure the reduction in responding for food during the presentation of a CS associated with an aversive US (ratio of presence/absence of elver pressing)

27
Q

What is the suppression ratio index?

A

= B/(A+B)
where:
B = # of responses during the CS
A = # of responses before the presentation of the CS

28
Q

Suppression ratio index criteria

A

If there is no fear, A=B and S.R. = 0.5

If there is much fear, B=0 and S.R. = 0 (no response when CS is presented)

29
Q

What is the purpose of the suppression index ratio?

A

To give number to an emotion

30
Q

Strength of conditioning depends on?

A

Law of Association

31
Q

What factors make up law of association?

A
  1. frequency of CS-US association
    - the more CS-US association = the stronger conditioning will be
  2. intensity and novelty of CS and US
    - use of novel US and CS –> strong conditioning (motivated to learn)
  3. contiguity (CS-US sequence/timing)
    - occurring together in time/location–> strong conditioning
32
Q

4 types of conditioning pertaining to contiguity

A
  1. delay
  2. trace
  3. simultaneous
  4. backward
33
Q

Explain delay conditioning

A
  • strongest level of conditioning

- CS turned on before US and they stop at the same time

34
Q

Explain trace conditioning

A
  • more difficult for subject because stuff happens in between
  • test of memory
35
Q

Explain simultaneous conditioning

A
  • CS and US are presented at the same time

Problems:

  • distracting
  • essence of classical conditioning = learning predictors (which this lacks) - how valuable is a predictor if the food already exists?
36
Q

Explain backward conditioning

A

US presented and CS comes after

- CS isn’t a predictor of anything

37
Q

In order to obtain and observe strong conditioning:

A

the CS should precede the US and remain on until the US occurs

38
Q

Who explained contingency?

A

Robert Rescorla

39
Q

What is contingency?

A

The CS must not only be contiguous with a US, it must also be an accurate predictor of the occurrence of the US

  • to explain the notion of predictability
  • CS must be contiguous and an accurate predictor
40
Q

How can contingency be calculated?

A
  1. probability that a US will occur in the presence of the CS = p(USICS) = good probability
  2. probability that a US will occur in the absence of the CS = p(USInoCS) = bad probability
41
Q

Calculating Phi for contingency involves?

A

Phi = p(USICS) - p(USInoCS)

Value between 0 and 1:
0 = really poor
0.5 = some conditioning
1 = maximum level of conditioning

42
Q

What does a positive contingency mean?

A

US is more predictable when CS is on

43
Q

What does a negative contingency mean?

A

US is less predictable when CS is on

44
Q

Which of the following could be an example of Pavlovian unconditioned response?

A

a sense of fear caused by a loud explosion

45
Q

Which of the following could be an example of a Pavlovian conditioned response?

A

enjoying a familiar song

46
Q

US devaluation experiments:

A

supports the S-S theory

47
Q

Sensory pre-conditioning:

A
  • is an example of S-S learning
  • involves associating two CSs
  • is conceptually similar to second order conditioning
48
Q

During fear conditioning in rats, the foot shock is the?

A

unconditioned stimulus

49
Q

Presentation of a CS+ associated with an incentive US will ? an instrumental action motivated by an incentive stimulus

A

increase

50
Q

IN general, the most effective procedure for producing most classically conditioned association is the ? conditioning procedure?

A

delay

Psyc 2330 Final (11 decks)

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