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psychology 100 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define health psychology

A

Subfield focused on the psychological factors related to wellness

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2
Q

Define stress

A

the response to (events)that threaten or CHALLENGE a person
Threaten- Negative connotation
Challenge- Positive connotation
ex. Midterms

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3
Q

Define psychophysiological disorders

A

(Body tied to mind)
-when more stressed you do not function properly physically

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4
Q

Eustress vs. distress

A
  • Eustress (seen as challenge)
  • Distress (Give up, more likely to get sick)
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5
Q

How is stress related to immune system functioning?

A

keeps us healthy, the more stressed the more likely to get sick

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6
Q

Fight or flight

A

response of sympathetic nervous system to a stressful event; fight or flee; involves high heart rate, clammy hands, blood clotting

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7
Q

General adaptation syndrome (GAS); know significance of each stage.

A

-Stage 1: Alarm and mobilize;( becoming aware of a stressor/ recognize)( going back to school from vacation)
-stage 2: Resistant stage (making a plan how to adapt & cope)
-stage 3: Exhaustion Stage (negative consequences of prolonged)
* if you do a good job and cope with stage 1 will not go through stage 3

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8
Q

Be able to categorize stressors

A
  • Catastrophes(floods, earthquakes, 6 months traumatized)
  • Daily Hassles(traffic, pollution, taking kids to school )
  • Major life events (getting married, graduating, having a baby)
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9
Q

Type A personalities

A

-competitive
-urgent about time (traffic jams)
-Aggressive (harmful-bad/ independent- good)
-driven regarding their work
-Hostile both verbally and non verbally
(extreme rate of heart disease)

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10
Q

Type B personalities

A

-more cooperative
-far less competitive
-not especially time-oriented
-not usually aggressive, driven, or hostile
(not productive, not high quality of life)

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11
Q

Coping

A

the efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate stressors

  • Emotion focused coping
  • Problem focused coping
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12
Q

Emotion focused vs. problem focused coping.

A
  • Emotion- Method of Managing Emotions to change the way one feels or perceives a problem (ex. being happy for some ones loss and excepting that they are in a better place)
  • Problem-attempts to modify the stressful problem
    (proactive: sit down and modify)
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13
Q

Significance of social support?

A

child care for parents, people who help you and you benefit

(allow you to express yourself)

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14
Q

What is invisible support?

A

when someone ask how can i help

(ppl who care about you ask you because they’re not going to wait for you to ask)

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15
Q

Define behaviorism

A

-Objectivity of Overt behavior
(the way we act toward society)
overt- shows feelings (does not care what others think)

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16
Q

Define conditioning

A

the processes by which responses become linked to particular stimuli

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17
Q

Define associative learning

A

paring- (ex. running a red light w/ getting a ticket),
- learning that certain events occur together

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18
Q

Psych definition of learning

A

change in behavior due to experience

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19
Q

primary theory/research: Watson

A
  • behaviorism
  • trained little Albert to to fear white, soft things (white rats w/ loud noise)
  • Associative learning
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20
Q

primary theory/research: Thorndike

A
  • Law of Effect
  • responses associated w/ satisfaction MORE likely to do again (reoccur)
  • responses associated w/ discomfort LESS likely to do again (not reoccur)
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21
Q

primary theory/research:Pavlov

A

(Russian Physiologist)
Both occur naturally
-UCS- food is a unconditioned stimulus
-UCR- salivating is an unconditioned response
Both are conditioned
CS- bell is conditioned stimulus, as food
CR- salivation to the bell is a conditioned response

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22
Q

primary theory/research:Bandura

A

Social Learning

  • Modeling and imitation
  • Antisocial- inappropriate behaviors (bby saying bad words)
  • pro social- appropriate behaviors (saying please and thank you)
    ex. Bobo doll experiment
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23
Q

Who was Little Albert and what relevance does he have to psychology?

A
  • Watson
  • little baby that was trained to associate white rats w/ loud noises (overt/ expressed behaviors)
  • change in behavior due to experience
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24
Q

Classical conditioning-

A

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events(Ivan Pavlo)

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25
Q

Define Classical conditioning terms, and be able to distinguish each in the dog experiment and other examples. Who created this experiment?

A

-(UCS) Unconditioned Stimuli- Food elicits response naturally
-(UCR) Unconditioned Response-Salivation response occurs naturally
-(CS) Conditioned Stimuli- Trained to hear the bell & think food
-(CR) Conditioned Response- produced salivation
*stimulus- can be changed, reaction- stays the same
(created by Pavlo)

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26
Q

What are some real life applications of classical conditioning?

A

hearing loud thunder, and jumping
UCS- loud noise of thunder
UCR- jumping in response to loud noise
CS- lightning with loud noise
CR- jumping to lightning bolt

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27
Q

OPERANT CONDITIONING - definition

A

A type of learning in which associations are formed between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time; shaping/guiding a natural behavior toward a desired behavior

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28
Q

Main principle of Thorndike’s law of effect.

A

-a response is more likely to reoccur when associated w/ satisfaction, & is less likely to occur when associated with discomfort

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29
Q

Box - operant chamber - what could it do?)

A

Skinner invented the box

  • helped develop his theory
  • A behavior is instrumental in producing a reinforcement, or avoiding a punishment
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30
Q

Who is Sniffy?

A

The rat of Skinner’s Box chamber experiment

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31
Q

operant conditioning principles:

A

-shaping
-reinforcement (positive/negative- behavior increases)
positive -desired stimulus is applied (given snack)
negative- undesired stimulus removed (no more chores)
-Punishment(positive/negative- behavior decreases)
positive- undesired stimuli applied(time out)
negative-desired stimuli taken away (cell phone token away)

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32
Q

What Skinner wanted operant conditioning to be used for

A

(improvement of humankind)

study behavior

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33
Q

Social learning

A
  • created by Albert Bandura

(Bobo experiment)

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34
Q

aggression with bobo

A
  • Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.
  • mimic
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35
Q

principles of modeling & imitation

A
  • Antisocial- inappropriate behavior (toddler saying bad wors)
  • Pro-social- appropriate behaviors (saying please & thank you)
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36
Q

Do we imitate both antisocial and pro-social behaviors according to Bandura?

A

yes, we imitate both

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37
Q

Definition & purpose of motivation:

A
  • a need, a desire, an interest
  • energizes & maintains behavior
  • Directs behavior toward a goal
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38
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Physiological balance; satiation(cycle)-happens all over again

39
Q

Drive reduction theory
What does that theory not explain?

A

-1st- drive: Arousal caused by survival needs
-2nd-Motivation act: Determined to reduce need
-3rd-Consummatory response: Fulfilling need & reducing drive
-4th-Homeostasis:state of being healthy & balanced
-5th-Deprivation:reduction of biological needs
-6th-Need: something to satisfy body imbalance
(process begins again)
*Doesn’t explain needs from wants
(regular toilet seat/ golden toilet seat)

40
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs - motivators at each level; order of the hierarchy.

A

1st- Self Actualization: Authenticity, helping others,meaningfulness, playfulness
2nd- Self-Esteem: describing success the way society does
3rd- Love & Belongingness:
4th- Safety & Security:
5th-Physiological Needs: Air, Water, Food, Shelter, sleep, sex

41
Q

Which perspective of psychology was Maslow’s focus?

A

Humanistic Psychology

42
Q

What is humanistic psychology?

A
  • stresses a POSITIVE view of human nature & the strong belief in psychological homeostasis
43
Q

Psychological homeostasis and what it means to say some needs take precedence over others

A

certain needs are way more important than others

(ex. really hungry but have class @ 10, ur going to go eat cause its way more important)

44
Q

Know differences between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation

A
  • Intrinsic-(comes within self) when you love doing something and get a sense of satisfaction from it.(playing hand ball)
  • Extrinsic-(comes from others),awarded to do something, badges, competition, fear of failure (Exercise you lose weight)
45
Q

Three components of emotion

A

William James

  • Physiological arousal (often indistinguishable- bodily reactions are the same when Angry, Mad, or Sad )
  • Expressive Behavior (laughing, crying)
  • Conscious Experience (Knowing how you actually feel happy, sad, or mad)
46
Q

Importance of universal facial expressions

A

we need to be able to understand an individuals emotions to comfort or stay away

47
Q

Why is a computer used as the analogy of human information processing?

A
  • Encoding (info. processed) Acquisition
  • Storage retention (stores info)
  • retrial (retrieve when needed)
48
Q

What subfield of psychology is memory studied under?

A

Cognitive Psychology

49
Q

Acquisition

A

encoding (processed)

  • Automatic Processing
  • Effortful Processing
50
Q

Automatic processing

A

(ex. knowing how to get home, knowing where you parked your car)

51
Q

Effortful processing

A

*Rehearsal (practice/ study)
*Spacing effect (Space out learning, 10 min a day)
-Serial position effect (the things we remember are at the beginning and end not so much the middle, list of words)

52
Q

What is the importance of meaningfulness?

A

Retention(storage)
-make what you are learning familiar to something you have heared and seen many times

53
Q

How does imagery affect memory?

A

Retention(storage)
when we think of the concept we tend to associate it with a image so we can recall it easier

54
Q

Mnemonics -

A

Mental Memory Aids (Retrieval)

  • Chunking-divide (something) into chunks
  • Rhymes
  • Acronyms- ex.”PEMDAS”
  • Acrostics-ex. Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally
55
Q

What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage processing model?

A
  • Sensory Memory(iconic/echoic)
  • Short-term memory
  • Long-term memory(essentially unlimited)
56
Q

What is sensory memory

A
  • iconic: Visual sense (eye)
  • echoic: sound sense (sound)
57
Q

What is the capacity (time and amount) of short-term memory, of long-term memory?

A
  • Short Term- (last only seconds/ remember 7 items)
  • Long Term- (essentially unlimited/ retrieval )
58
Q

retrieval:

A
  • Recall
  • Recognition
59
Q

recall vs. recognition.

A
  • recall:Given a question and have to recall answer
  • recognition: Read and recognize
60
Q

Be able to discuss explanations of forgetting:

A
  • Encoding failure- if we don’t process we wont remember
  • storage decay- Things we don’t need to remember tend to forget (ex. professor’s names)
  • Retrieval failure- study & when it come to test blank out
  • Interference-“stroop effect”, read colors & say color of words
  • Tip-of-the-tongue-is also interference, know letters, sounds.
  • False memory-apparent recollection of an event that did not actually occur
  • Infantile Amnesia-Do not remember events from age 4
61
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

(How we think)

  • Solve Problems
  • Make Decisions
  • Remember
  • Learn &use language
62
Q

“Ask and it will be given to you; seek and you will find; knock and the door will be opened to you.

A

Matthew 7:7

63
Q

What is intelligence?

A

being able to adapt to situations

64
Q

Uni-dimensional vs. multidimensional

A
  • Uni-dimensional (one aspect)
  • Multidimensional ( multi. aspect)
65
Q

Howard Gardner’s theory

A

(Theory of multiple intelligence)

  • Verbal-Linguistic:learning w/ words,reading, listening,speaking..
  • Mathematical-Logical:Learning w/ problem solving, numbers
  • Musical: learning through songs, patterns, rhythms
  • Visual-Spatial:learning w/ visual and organizing ideas (Mechan.)
  • Bodily/ kinesthetic: Learning through interaction w/ environment
  • Intrapersonal: working by yourself, feelings, values, attitudes
  • Interpersonal: Working in a group, with others
  • Naturalist: Learning through classifications
  • Existential: (spiritual) learning by seeing big picture
66
Q

Does the language we use affect our thoughts (linguistic relativity)?

A

Yes, language we use influences how we think

(ex. create image of a judge, everyone has different image)

67
Q

Natural selection

A

Introduced by Charles Darwin in “ The origin of Species”in (1859)

68
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.

69
Q

DNA

A

(Deoxiribose Nucleic Acid)

  • your blue print
  • two long twisted strands that contain genetic info
70
Q

genes

A

A segment of DNA

71
Q

chromosomes

A
  • genes are organized and packaged in chromosomes
  • 23 chromosomes from each parent total of 46
72
Q

Human genome

A

an international study of the entire human genetic material

73
Q

Genotype / phenotype

A
  • Genotype: Genetic makeup/ blue print
  • Phenotype:physical & physiological make-up(short, infertality)
74
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized egg

75
Q

monozygotic-Identical twins

A
  • one egg fertilized by single sperm, split into 2
  • share all genes
  • same sex
  • more similar than fraternal twins
76
Q

Di-zygotic-fraternal Twins

A
  • separate eggs fertilized by separate sperm
  • share only about half their genes
  • gender differences
77
Q

Heritability

A

Genetic Component

(differences, intelligence, personality )

78
Q

Artificial selection

A

A technique in which a breeder selects particular traits; can cause divergent evolution to occur

79
Q

Species - typical behavior

A

Common expected behaviors shared by members of species

(ex. matting patterns)

80
Q

Parental investment

A

How each sex tens to behave

(ex. mom- caregiver, dad- procider)

81
Q

Sex -

A

.biological classification
XX Woman
XY Man

82
Q

Gender

A

A set of behaviors that define individuals as boy/men or girl/ woman(Socially prescribed)

83
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

(important to reproduce)

  • Gonads& internal sex organs
    (ex. ovaries, testies)
  • External Genitalia
84
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A
  • Hormones
  • Testosterone
  • Gender identity
  • Intersex
85
Q

Hormones

A

characteristics

(ex, height, breast, hips,mustache)

86
Q

Gender identity

A

What you perceive your self as

(ex. i believe i am to aggressive)

87
Q

Intersex

A

-baby with a ambiguous genetail

88
Q

Gender typing/ Gender typed

A

-Stereotyping/ expectations of an individual

89
Q

Androgyny

A

-no stereotyping
-very neutral
(let individual pick personality)

90
Q

Theories of gender development: Social learning, Gender schema

A
91
Q

Gender roles in society

A

Expectation of society

(ex. mom to stay home and watch kids, while dad is providing)

92
Q

Gender stereotype

A

if dad is the caregiver then he is critizized

93
Q

Sexual orientation

A
  • refers to an enduring sexual attraction toward members of your own sex

psychology 100 (9 decks)

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