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psychology 100 > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where was the first psychology lab established? By whom? When?

A

In Leipzig, Germany by Whilhelm Wundt, in 1879

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2
Q

Who wrote “Principles of Psychology” and how was the book regarded “then” as well as today?

A

William James,

  • Very well regarded “then”
  • Still very well regarded, but not really used
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3
Q

How do physiology and philosophy relate to roots of psychology?

A

Physiology is the study of the brain and philosophy is the study of thought. (Psychology) is the study of human thought and behavior.

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4
Q

Who is considered the first U.S. psychologist? Discuss his endeavors.

A

William James,
considered the first psychologist
-Studied all aspects of human behavior(The James-Lange Theory of Emotion)
-Principles of Psychology in 1890

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5
Q

Who said “It is our attitude at the beginning of a difficult task which, more than anything else, will
affect its successful outcome.”

A

William James

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6
Q

What is the perspective of structuralism?

A

feelings and sensations combine systematically to produce the same experience for each person: What people do( Early School of Thought)

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7
Q

What is the perspective of functionalism?

A

Function of mental processes, including consciousness: How and Why behavior occurs

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8
Q

what is the perspective of gestalt?

A

(Whole/ Form) naturally seek out patterns
ex. Lisa formed by hearts

an approach to psychology that saw experience as different than the sum of its elements.

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9
Q

Why did structuralism not last as a major school of thought?

A
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10
Q

What is the definition of psychology?

A

The science of behavior and mental processes (Study of mind & Behavior(Mental))

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11
Q

What precisely is a perspective? Describe the different foundational perspectives.

A

(one person’s point of view)

  • Structuralism (Basic elements that for a thought, memory,feeling,or sensation)
  • Functionalism(How and why ppl behave)
  • Gestalt (Whole/Form seek out pattern)
  • Evolutionary (Instinct/Habits ex. Survival of the fittest)
  • Humanistic 1900’s(Gandhi all humans are good and want to do their best)
  • Psycho dynamic(Sigman Froyd ex. when someone is mad at someone else but take it out on others)
  • Behavioral (Overt Dependent on punishment/Reward ex. If you see a cop at a stop sign do you stop)
  • Cognitive 1900’s(William James Thinking Component- behaviors are influence by the way ppl think about the world)
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12
Q

What are the three different types (categories) of psychology?

A
  • Clinical
  • Academic
  • Applied
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13
Q

*Know the names and basic description of psych’s sub-fields.

A
  • Clinical Psychology(assessment and treatment of mental illness and disability.)
  • Cognitive and perceptual psychology(How we perceive and process information)
  • counseling psychology(encompasses research and applied work)
  • Developmental psychology( the social and mental development of children)
  • Experimental psychology(scientific investigation of basic psychological processes such as learning, memory, and cognition in humans and animals.)
  • Health psychology(psychological and behavioral processes in health)
  • Industrial/ Organizational psychology(scientific study of employees, workplaces, and organization)
  • Neuropsychologists and Behavioral Neuropsychology( relationships between the brain and behavior)
  • Quantitative and measurement psychology( methods and techniques of human attributes, the statistical and mathematical modeling of psychological processes)
  • Social Psychology.(social interactions, including their origins and their effects on the individual)
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14
Q

Why are the words “it depends” so important for psych questions?

A

Because it depends on individual and situation given

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15
Q

Why can psychology be considered a science?

A

Psychology uses systematic observations and experimentation just like other sciences.

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16
Q

empirical evidence

A

Data and observations collected through scientific processes; basis of scientific explanations

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17
Q

*Know the steps of the scientific method

A

1-Ask a question
2- research topic
3-state hypothesis
4-test hypothesis
5-analyze data
6-report results

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18
Q

Population:

A

The entire group of individuals about whom we desire to collect information.

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19
Q

sample:

A

the subset of the population from which you are actually collecting data

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20
Q

random sample:

A

every member of the sample population has the same probability of being included. (This ensures a representative sample.)

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21
Q

double blind:

A

neither the researcher nor the subjects know which treatment a subject is receiving(use to prevent bias)

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22
Q

Research methods - problems & benefits of each ?Which method is best ?

A

-Survey(Quick & Cheap/ Not reliable info)
-Interview(Reliable info/ Expensive & time consuming)
-Naturalistic Observation(Sit back& view/ Not controllable)
-Experiment(Lab)(Controllable/ expensive & Time Consuming)
And it depends on the situation, what researcher hypothesizes

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23
Q

Parts of a neuron:

(Know the location, structure and function)

A
  • Dendrites (Branchlike parts of a neuron around cell body that are specialized to receive information.)
  • Axon (A long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the neuron cell body to other neurons, or to muscles or glands.)
  • Synapse (A physical gap between two neurons that functions as the site of information transfer from one neuron to another.)
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24
Q

How many neurons do we have ?

A

100 billion

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25
Q

Neural pruning

A

unnecessary neural connections are actively destroyed, or “pruned,” between the ages of 5 and the early teens

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26
Q

Is myelin good or bad? why?

A

sheath of fat and protein along axon(Good because signals are transmitted faster)

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27
Q

What is MS?

A

Multiple Sclerosis- Disorder where body attacks myelin

(Age 20-50)

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28
Q

What are neurotransmitters in general?

A

Chemical messengers initiated by an electrical impulse

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29
Q

what is an endorphins and what is the altering substance?

A
  • pain-relief, euphoria, “Runners high”
  • Altering Substance is Morphine
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30
Q

What is anadenosine and what is the altering substance?

A
  • Major energy source
  • Altering Substance is Caffeine
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31
Q

what is acetylcholine and what is the altering substance?

A
  • Stimulation of muscle tissue
  • Altering Substance is Sarin- will counteract and cause will cause muscle tissue to stop stimulation (stop heart beat)
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32
Q

what is anandamide and what is the altering substance?

A
  • Short term memory, pain, appetite
  • Altering Substance is Tetrahydrocannabinol(THC)- Marijuana(Relieves Pain)
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33
Q

what is catecholamine and what is the altering substance?

A
  • emotions,alertness, insomnia
  • Altering Substance is Adderall(ADHD)-perscriptions
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34
Q

How does an altering substance work?

A

number of ways, mimic, block, increase neuron transmitters depending on which

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35
Q

Central nervous system (CNS):

A

-Brain & Spinal cord

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36
Q

peripheral nervous system(PNS):

A

Consists of all the nerves, organs, muscles and glands other than the brain and spinal cord. Links the CNS to all other parts of the body

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37
Q

autonomic(ANS):

A

-Self regulated actions of organs & glands

(ex. digestion of food & breathing)

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38
Q

sympathetic:

A

-Automatic
-Arousing(frightens)
(ex. when you feel that you are in danger)
fight or flight

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39
Q

parasympathetic

A

-Automatic
-Calming/ relaxation
(ex. when body begins to relax from frightfulness)
rest and digest

40
Q

somatic(SNS):

A

-Voluntary muscle movement

(ex. when you begin to write you make that decision)

41
Q

Sensory & motor neurons:

A
  • (SN) run from various stimuli receptors to CNS.(sense it)
  • (MN)transmit impulses from CNS to muscles and glands to carry out a response(reacts/ moves)
42
Q

inter neurons :

A
  • Located in the spinal cord, reflex action
  • sensory & motor
43
Q

Cephalocaudal and prenatal development

A

Begin to develop from head to toe

44
Q

Do we just use 10% of our brain?

A

false

Humans use 100 percent of their brains

45
Q

Brain evolution: brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex

A
  • brain stem is the Cerebellum (Movement coordination, balance)connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord(midbrain, medulla oblongata, and the pons)
  • Limbic System ( this system include the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and thalamus.are involved in memory emotions drives)Donut shaped
  • Cerebral Cortex- layer of the brain referred to as gray matter. It is the outer portion of the cerebrum(language and information processing)
46
Q

Medulla:

A

Respiratory, cardiac, reflexes

47
Q

reticular formation:

A

Arousal, Attention

48
Q

thalamus:

A

Sensory relay station(messages from organs to cerebral cortex)

49
Q

cerebellum:

A

Movement, coordination, and balance

50
Q

hippocampus:

A

Helps process memories

51
Q

amygdala:

A

Aggression & Fear (regulation & expressions)

52
Q

hypothalamus:

A

Bodily maintenance functions, pleasure(ex. hunger, thirst ect.)

53
Q

Motor cortex location:

A
  • Located in Frontal Lobe(front of brain)
  • Voluntary muscle movements
54
Q

sensory cortex:

A
  • Located in Parietal Lobe(center of brain)
  • Body Sensations
55
Q

occipital:

A
  • Occipital Lobe(back part of brain)
  • Receive input from the eyes
56
Q

temporal:

A
  • Temporal Lobe(bottom of brain under parietal lobe)
  • Hearing
57
Q

frontal:

A

-personality, behavior, emotion, intelligence.
Front of brain

58
Q

parietal lobes:

A

Located at the top of the brain directly behind the frontal lobes and responsible for interpreting bodily sensations (touching sensations).

59
Q

Why can we more accurately feel how many fingers touch our hand as opposed to our back?

A

Because of our homunculus, our hands have way more receptors than our backs

60
Q

what is brain plasticity mean?

A

our brain is constantly reorganizing (not done till early 20’s)
-Allows to composite from damages (ex. hemispherectomy)

61
Q

Hemispherectomy

A

surgical procedure where one cerebral hemisphere is removed

62
Q

Severed corpus callosum; what that is, why do it. Explain Joe’s abilities (split brain procedure video)

A

is, why do it. Explain Joe’s abilities (split brain procedure video)

  • it is when your brain is split, used to relieve violent epileptic seizures
  • When Joe seen the face made out of fruits on the left side and interpreted it through the right hemisphere he saw a face& when shown on the right and interpreted by left hemisphere he saw fruits
  • right hemisphere- helps recognize faces
  • left hemisphere- helps recognize objects (ex. fruits)
63
Q

How do researchers study the NS and brain?

A

Technology base:

  • CAT scans
  • PET scans
  • Functional MRI’s
64
Q

Are human brains uniquely wired to recognize faces - explain your answer

A

Yes, because the right hemisphere (FFA) helps recognize human faces

65
Q

Difference between sensation and perception

A

Sensation- Detecting & encoding stimuli(sensory receptor gets info)
Perception- Organization & interpreting info (Brain kicks in)

66
Q

What ARE your sensory abilities and sensory organs?

A
  • See, Hear,Touch,Taste,Smell
  • Eyes, Ears, Hands,Mouth, Nose
67
Q

What exactly does it mean to say TASTE & SMELL are a sensory interaction?

A

eating and cant smell, food dosen’t taste the same, or when you smell something good your mouth tends to water.

68
Q

Vision-structure of eye?

A

Starts with

  • Cornea
  • Pupil
  • Iris
  • Lens
  • Retina
  • Macula
  • Optic Nerve
  • brain
69
Q

After image?

A

The visual image that persists after the stimulus is removed

(ex. when you look at a light and look away you still see it)

70
Q

Significance of the blind spot, where is it?

A

-occurs when the optic nerve carries information from the eye to the brain(No photoceptors here)

71
Q

*Process of hearing, relationship to structure of ear-

A

Sound waves, outer ear, ear canal, middle ear, inner ear, cochlea, auditory nerve, and brain

72
Q

Reasons for declined taste, hearing sensitivity

A
  • Capsaicin (Chemical in seeds of chilies numbs sensory receptors in out tongue)
  • Hairs in your cochlea get damaged by loud music
73
Q

What is the gate control theory of pain? Can we “control” pain? How?

A
  • pain can be “switched off”
  • Rubbing the area surrounding a minor injury
74
Q

Significance of suspension video.

A

Emotional state-(mind over matter)
- to get to relax/ meditate

75
Q

Nociceptors

A

In particular help detect pain

76
Q

How is perception affected by mental predisposition?

A

what we expect to perceive, affects what we do perceive.

(ex. go to a restaurant and order a taco and get a hamburger)

77
Q

Gestalt - definition; emphasis, principles

A
  • Form or whole
  • Proximity
  • Similarity
  • Closure
  • Continuity(ex. do things automatically like go straight home)
  • Symmetry (ex. [], { } )
78
Q

What did Max Wertheimer do?

A
  • When we perceive, we always pick out form
  • Figure- ground relationship (When looking at a object we notice the figure and the background)
79
Q

Describe Monocular, binocular cues as they relate to depth perception

A
  • monocular (Size constancy, relative size, interposition)
  • Binocular (Retinal Disparity- brain comparison of two objects, from each eye)
80
Q

What substance, specifically, makes Chile peppers taste hot?

A

Capsaicin- chemical in the seed of chilies

81
Q

Define consciousness

A

Awareness of ourselves and our enviroment

82
Q

Selective attention

A

our experiences are limited

83
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

Only processes limited bit of cognitive information at a time

(ex. selective attention-our experiences are limited)

84
Q

What is a circadian rhythm?

A

Biological clock( not just about sleeping but also like when you are hungry and need to eat ect.)

85
Q

*Rhythm/ stages of each night’s sleep

A

-5stages /90 min cycle each
1Stage- light sleep
2Stage- Breathing and heart slow down
3Stage- Deep sleep
4Stage- Very deep sleep
5Stage- (REM) rapid eye movement Dreaming Occurs

86
Q

Why do we need sleep?

A

Because , it keeps us proactive and Restorative

87
Q

What is the content of most dreams?

A
  • REM(dreaming stage)
  • wishful fulfillment- we have things that we do not like, but keep to our selves.(shows in dreams)
  • Manifest (describing your dreams what you remember)
  • latent(Symbolic meaning of the dream)
88
Q

Possible function of dreams?

A

important because happens during (REM Stage)

89
Q

Is REM sleep important / why?

A

Yes, because it is the dream state, deep sleep, makes our body more restored , at our best the next day

90
Q

What did Freud say about dreams?

A

When we dream it is a part of Wish-fulfillment(when the reality of how we feel comes out)

91
Q

Difference between manifest and latent content.

A

Manifest- What you tend to remember about your dream
latent- symbolic meaning of it (trying to figure out the meaning)

92
Q

Lucid dreams

A

-When your dreams are controllable

(Ex. It is raining in your dream and you change the weather to summer)

93
Q

Off-line dream theory

A

-May help process information & fix it into memory (studying a night before for exam, dreams help straighten the connections more)

94
Q

Activation synthesis theory

A

-Brains effort to string brain hallucinations into a story line (brain is active when sleeping(CNS), all random firing (neurons), taking random signals and making a random story)

95
Q

Problem-solving theory

A

-Helps us creatively solve our problems( ex. Sleep on it you will feel better in the morning)

psychology 100 (9 decks)

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