midterm Flashcards
paracrine secretions
enter interstitial fluid and only affect nearby cells
autocrine secretions
only affect the cells secreting the substance
endocrine and exocrine glands
chemical secretions internally and chemical secretions through ducts that lead to body surface
differences between steroid and non steroid hormones
steroid:
- derived from cholesterol
- include sex hormones, aldosterone, and cortisol
nonsteroid:
- derived from amino acid called tyrosine
- includes epi and norepinephrine
hormones from hypothalamus
- corticotropin releasing
- gonadotropin releasing
- somatostatin
- growth hormone releasing
- prolactin releasing
- thyrotropin releasing
hormones from anterior pituitary gland
- adrenocorticotropic
- follicle stimulating
- growth hormone
- luteinizing
- prolactin
- thyroid stimulating
posterior pituitary hormones
- antidiuretic
- oxytosin
thyroid gland hormones
- calcitonin
- thyroxine
- triiodothyronine
parathyroid gland hormone
parathyroid
adrenal medulla hormones
epi and norepinephrine
adrenal cortex hormones
- aldosterone
- cortisol
- dehydroepiandrosterone
pancreas hormones
glucagon
insulin
somatostatin
blood volume in the body
about 8% of weight– roughly 5 liters
hematocrit definition
the percentage of RBCs in whole blood
composition of blood
cells= 45%
plasma= 55%
hematopoiesis definition
the formation of blood cells
where do blood cells originate
red bone marrow
polycythemia
excessive increase in RBCs
function of hormone erythropoietin
control the rate of red blood cell formation
vitamin B12 affect on RBCs
DNA synthesis
irons effect on RBCs
hemoglobin synthesis
folic acid effect on RBCs
DNA synthesis
anemia
deficient in RBCs
biliverden
a greenish pigment from decomposed iron
biliruben
orange bile pigment from biliverden
decreased RBC number leads to what kinds of anemias
hemorrhagic anemia
hemolytic anemia
pernicious anemia
aplastic anemia
decreased hemoglobin concentration leads to what kind of anemia
iron deficiency anemia
abnormal hemoglobin leads to what diseases
sickle cell anemia and thalassemia
neutrophils
- most numerous WBC 50-70%
- first to arrive at infection site
- aggresively kill bacteria
two major types of WBCs
agranulocytes and granulocytes
granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
eosinophils
- 1-3%
- parasitic infections
monocytes
- largest WBCs
- 3-9%
- macrophages
- increased in viral infections and inflammation
basophils
- less than 1%
- play major role in allergic reactions
- prevent coagulation and inflammation
leukopenia
lack of white blood cells
leukocytosis
too many leukocytes
lymphocytes
- smallest WBCs
- 25-33%
- T cells directly attack microorganisms and tumor cells
- B cells produce antibodies
platelets or thrombocytes arise from
megakaryocytes
thrombocytosis
high platelet count
thrombocytopenia
low platelet count
plasma proteins relation to blood
most abundant dissolved substances in the blood
gamma globulins
constitute the antibodies of immunity
the three plasma proteins
albumins: 60% (maintain osmotic pressure)
globulins: 36% (Alpha, Beta, and Gamma)
fibrinogen: 4% (coagulation)
alpha and beta globulins
transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins
what is the most effective homeostatic mechanism
blood coagulation
fibrinogen
blood coagulation
extrinsic clotting mechanism
begins with damage to tissue
intrinsic clotting mechanism
begins with contact to foreign substance
embolus
blood clot that dislodges
thrombus
blood clotting abnormally in a vessel
blood type A
Antigen: A
antibody: anti-B
blood type B
antigen: B
antibody: anti-A
blood type AB
antigen: AB
antibody: neither
blood type O
antigen: neither
antibody: both anti-A and anti-B
cavity that the heart lies in
mediastinum
fibrous pericardium
outer layer of heart
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
visceral pericardium (AKA…?)
covers the heart (AKA epicardium)
parietal pericardium
inner lining of fiberous peri
auricles of the atria
- ear-like projections
- increase blood volume capacity of atria
mitral valve
- bicuspid
- is between left atrium and ventricle
left coronary artery supplies blood to the …
tissues of the heart
atrioventricular sulcus (AKA…)
drains deoxygenated blood from the heart into the right atrium (AKA: coronary sinus ) *largest vein of the heart
sinoatrial node
“pacemaker of the heart” located beneath the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava
angina pectoris
when a thrombus or embolus blocks or narrows the coronary artery and deprives the myocardial cells of oxygen
AV node
conductive pathway between the atria and ventricles
purkinjie fibers
conduct impulses to distant ventricular myocardium
parasympathetic impulses
decrease heart action thru the vagus nerve and secretes ACH to decrease heart rate
sympathetic impulses
secretes norepinephrine to increase heart action
baroreceptors
in aorta and carotid arteries to detect change in BP
K ions …
high: decrease heart rate
low: arrhythmia
Ca ions…
high: increase HR
low: decrease HR
atrial flutter
abnormally rapid rate of atrial depolarization
metarterioles
connect arterioles to capillaries
what kind of valves do veins have
semilunar
arteriovenous shunts
connect veins to arterioles, bypassing capillaries
cardiac output x peripheral resistance = ?
blood pressure (COxPR=BP)
factors that affect arterial BP
stroke volume
blood volume
peripheral resistance
viscosity
heart rate
venules function
connect capillaries to veins
atrial natriuretic peptide and ventricular natriuretic peptide hormones …
ANP = secreted when blood VOLUME⬆
BNP = secreted when BP⬆
greater viscosity = ?
greater resistance to flow
peripheral resistance
friction between blood and the walls of the blood (impedes blood flow)
