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a&p > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

paracrine secretions

A

enter interstitial fluid and only affect nearby cells

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2
Q

autocrine secretions

A

only affect the cells secreting the substance

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3
Q

endocrine and exocrine glands

A

chemical secretions internally and chemical secretions through ducts that lead to body surface

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3
Q

differences between steroid and non steroid hormones

A

steroid:
- derived from cholesterol
- include sex hormones, aldosterone, and cortisol
nonsteroid:
- derived from amino acid called tyrosine
- includes epi and norepinephrine

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4
Q

hormones from hypothalamus

A
  • corticotropin releasing
  • gonadotropin releasing
  • somatostatin
  • growth hormone releasing
  • prolactin releasing
  • thyrotropin releasing
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4
Q

hormones from anterior pituitary gland

A
  • adrenocorticotropic
  • follicle stimulating
  • growth hormone
  • luteinizing
  • prolactin
  • thyroid stimulating
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5
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A
  • antidiuretic
  • oxytosin
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6
Q

thyroid gland hormones

A
  • calcitonin
  • thyroxine
  • triiodothyronine
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7
Q

parathyroid gland hormone

A

parathyroid

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8
Q

adrenal medulla hormones

A

epi and norepinephrine

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9
Q

adrenal cortex hormones

A
  • aldosterone
  • cortisol
  • dehydroepiandrosterone
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10
Q

pancreas hormones

A

glucagon
insulin
somatostatin

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11
Q

blood volume in the body

A

about 8% of weight– roughly 5 liters

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12
Q

hematocrit definition

A

the percentage of RBCs in whole blood

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13
Q

composition of blood

A

cells= 45%
plasma= 55%

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14
Q

hematopoiesis definition

A

the formation of blood cells

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15
Q

where do blood cells originate

A

red bone marrow

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16
Q

polycythemia

A

excessive increase in RBCs

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17
Q

function of hormone erythropoietin

A

control the rate of red blood cell formation

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18
Q

vitamin B12 affect on RBCs

A

DNA synthesis

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19
Q

irons effect on RBCs

A

hemoglobin synthesis

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20
Q

folic acid effect on RBCs

A

DNA synthesis

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21
Q

anemia

A

deficient in RBCs

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22
Q

biliverden

A

a greenish pigment from decomposed iron

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23
Q

biliruben

A

orange bile pigment from biliverden

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24
Q

decreased RBC number leads to what kinds of anemias

A

hemorrhagic anemia
hemolytic anemia
pernicious anemia
aplastic anemia

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25
Q

decreased hemoglobin concentration leads to what kind of anemia

A

iron deficiency anemia

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26
Q

abnormal hemoglobin leads to what diseases

A

sickle cell anemia and thalassemia

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27
Q

neutrophils

A
  • most numerous WBC 50-70%
  • first to arrive at infection site
  • aggresively kill bacteria
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27
Q

two major types of WBCs

A

agranulocytes and granulocytes

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28
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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29
Q

eosinophils

A
  • 1-3%
  • parasitic infections
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30
Q

monocytes

A
  • largest WBCs
  • 3-9%
  • macrophages
  • increased in viral infections and inflammation
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31
Q

basophils

A
  • less than 1%
  • play major role in allergic reactions
  • prevent coagulation and inflammation
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32
Q

leukopenia

A

lack of white blood cells

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32
Q

leukocytosis

A

too many leukocytes

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33
Q

lymphocytes

A
  • smallest WBCs
  • 25-33%
  • T cells directly attack microorganisms and tumor cells
  • B cells produce antibodies
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34
Q

platelets or thrombocytes arise from

A

megakaryocytes

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35
Q

thrombocytosis

A

high platelet count

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36
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

low platelet count

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37
Q

plasma proteins relation to blood

A

most abundant dissolved substances in the blood

38
Q

gamma globulins

A

constitute the antibodies of immunity

38
Q

the three plasma proteins

A

albumins: 60% (maintain osmotic pressure)
globulins: 36% (Alpha, Beta, and Gamma)
fibrinogen: 4% (coagulation)

38
Q

alpha and beta globulins

A

transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins

39
Q

what is the most effective homeostatic mechanism

A

blood coagulation

40
Q

fibrinogen

A

blood coagulation

41
Q

extrinsic clotting mechanism

A

begins with damage to tissue

42
Q

intrinsic clotting mechanism

A

begins with contact to foreign substance

43
Q

embolus

A

blood clot that dislodges

43
Q

thrombus

A

blood clotting abnormally in a vessel

44
Q

blood type A

A

Antigen: A
antibody: anti-B

45
Q

blood type B

A

antigen: B
antibody: anti-A

46
Q

blood type AB

A

antigen: AB
antibody: neither

47
Q

blood type O

A

antigen: neither
antibody: both anti-A and anti-B

48
Q

cavity that the heart lies in

A

mediastinum

49
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

outer layer of heart

49
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

50
Q

visceral pericardium (AKA…?)

A

covers the heart (AKA epicardium)

50
Q

parietal pericardium

A

inner lining of fiberous peri

51
Q

auricles of the atria

A
  • ear-like projections
  • increase blood volume capacity of atria
52
Q

mitral valve

A
  • bicuspid
  • is between left atrium and ventricle
53
Q

left coronary artery supplies blood to the …

A

tissues of the heart

53
Q

atrioventricular sulcus (AKA…)

A

drains deoxygenated blood from the heart into the right atrium (AKA: coronary sinus ) *largest vein of the heart

54
Q

sinoatrial node

A

“pacemaker of the heart” located beneath the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava

55
Q

angina pectoris

A

when a thrombus or embolus blocks or narrows the coronary artery and deprives the myocardial cells of oxygen

56
Q

AV node

A

conductive pathway between the atria and ventricles

57
Q

purkinjie fibers

A

conduct impulses to distant ventricular myocardium

58
Q

parasympathetic impulses

A

decrease heart action thru the vagus nerve and secretes ACH to decrease heart rate

59
Q

sympathetic impulses

A

secretes norepinephrine to increase heart action

60
Q

baroreceptors

A

in aorta and carotid arteries to detect change in BP

61
Q

K ions …

A

high: decrease heart rate
low: arrhythmia

62
Q

Ca ions…

A

high: increase HR
low: decrease HR

63
Q

atrial flutter

A

abnormally rapid rate of atrial depolarization

64
Q

metarterioles

A

connect arterioles to capillaries

65
Q

what kind of valves do veins have

A

semilunar

66
Q

arteriovenous shunts

A

connect veins to arterioles, bypassing capillaries

67
Q

cardiac output x peripheral resistance = ?

A

blood pressure (COxPR=BP)

67
Q

factors that affect arterial BP

A

stroke volume
blood volume
peripheral resistance
viscosity
heart rate

68
Q

venules function

A

connect capillaries to veins

69
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide and ventricular natriuretic peptide hormones …

A

ANP = secreted when blood VOLUME⬆
BNP = secreted when BP⬆

69
Q

greater viscosity = ?

A

greater resistance to flow

69
Q

peripheral resistance

A

friction between blood and the walls of the blood (impedes blood flow)

70
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a&p (7 decks)

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