chapter 19 from notes

Question 1

upper respiratory tract

Answer 1

nose
nasal cavity
sinuses
pharynx (throat)

Question 2

nasal cavity

Answer 2

nasap septum
roof formed by ethmoid bone
nasal conchae

Question 3

sinuses

Answer 3

ethmoid
maxillary
frontal
sphenoid

Question 4

lower respiratory tract

Answer 4

larynx
trachea
bronchial tree

Question 5

what is the larynx

Answer 5

voice box– vocal cords

Question 6

trachea

Answer 6

“wind pipe”
- columnar

Question 7

tracheostomy

Answer 7

incision in the windpipe to bypass a blockage in the pharynx

Question 8

epiglottis

Answer 8

covers tracheal opening during swallowing

Question 9

bronchial tree

Answer 9

primary bronchi (2)
secondary (lobar) bronchi: R:3, L:2
tertiary (segmental) bronchi

Question 10

bronchioles

Answer 10

terminal
respiratory
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli (squamous epithelial)

Question 11

does cartilage increase or decrease as branching tubes become thinner

Answer 11

decrease

Question 12

terminal bronchioles

Answer 12

• branch from an interlobular bronchiole
• 50-80 occupy a lobule

Question 13

respiratory bronchioles

Answer 13

• branch from each terminal bronchiole
• a few air sacs bud from their sides
• they take part in gas exchange
• short and ab 0.5mm in diameter

Question 14

alveolar ducts

Answer 14

branch from each respiratory bronchiole

Question 15

alveolar sacs

Answer 15

• comprised of clusters of alveoli
• similar in appearance to grapes
• surrounds the terminal end of an alveolar duct

Question 16

alveoli

Answer 16

• thin walled microscopic air pouches
• site of gas exchange
• air diffuses from alveolar ducts into sacs
• surrounded by capillaries

Question 17

gas exchange

Answer 17

O2 goes through the alveolar walls to enter the blood
CO2 diffuses from the blood, to the alveoli

Question 18

partial pressure

Answer 18

the amount of pressure each gas in the air contributes to the overall pressure

Question 19

partial pressure of oxygen in atmosphere is …

Answer 19

21% partial pressure because it is 21% of the air

Question 20

bronchi enter where

Answer 20

at hilum

Question 21

what do lobules contain

Answer 21

• terminal bronchioles
• lymphatic vessels
• pulmonary arteries and venules
• nerves

Question 22

blood flow through a capillary is mainly regulated through…

Answer 22

smooth muscle

Question 23

asthma

Answer 23

constricts bronchioles

Question 24

what force moves air into the lungs

Answer 24

atmospheric pressure

Question 25

atmospheric pressure at sea level

Answer 25

760mmHg

Question 26

when are alveolar and atmospheric pressure equal

Answer 26

when respiratory muscles are at rest

Question 27

what are used during forced inhalation

Answer 27

accessory muscles

Question 28

compliance

Answer 28

the ease with which the lungs can expand

Question 29

major events of inspiration

Answer 29

1. impulses are conducted on phrenic
   nerves to muscle fibers in the diaphragm, contracting them
2. diaphragm moves downward, thoracic cavity expands
3. external intercostal muscles may contract, raising the ribs and expanding the cavity further
4. the intra-alveolar pressure decreases
5. atmospheric pressure forces air into the respiratory tract through passageways
6. the lungs fill with air

Question 30

major events in expiration

Answer 30

1. the diaphragm and external intercostal muscle relax
2. elastic tissues of the lungs, stretched during inspiration, suddenly recoil, and tension surface pulls on alveolar walls
3. tissues recoiling around the lungs increase the intra-alveolar pressure
4. air is forced out of the lungs

Question 31

bronchial asthma

Answer 31

• usually an allergic reaction to foreign antigens in airways
• allergens and secretion irritate the smooth muscle in smaller airways causing bronchoconstriction
• wheezing sound

Question 32

emphysema

Answer 32

• progressive, degenerative disease that destroy the alveolar walls
• decreased surface area for gas exchange
• difficult to exhale

Question 33

ventral respiratory group

Answer 33

basic rhythm of breathing
- stimulates inspiratory muscles
- inhibits inspiration

Question 33

two parts of the medullary respiratory center

Answer 33

ventral and dorsal

Question 34

dorsal respiratory group

Answer 34

• allows changes in rate and depth
• integrates sensory information
• modifies the activity of the ventral
• can directly stimulate inspiration w the diaphragm

Question 35

apnuestic center of the pons…

Answer 35

controls inhaling

Question 36

pontine respiratory group

Answer 36

contributes to the rhythm of breathing by limiting inspiration

Question 37

medulla

Answer 37

responds to hydrogen ions due to CO2 increasing

Question 38

chemoreceptor

Answer 38

senses levels of certain electrolytes
- stimulated by changes of the blood pH
- monitor blood being sent to brain and body

Question 39

the chemoreceptors names

Answer 39

carotid bodies (walls of carotid sinus)
aortic bodies (walls of aortic arch)

Question 40

what kind of influence does oxygen have on normal respiration

Answer 40

minor influence (has to be 50% of normal for chemoreceptors to increase breathing rate)

Question 41

hyperventilation

Answer 41

decreases o2 in blood

Question 42

what inflation reflex helps regulate the depth of breathing

Answer 42

Hering Breuer

Question 43

what are chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies stimulated by

Answer 43

low plasma partial pressure of O2

Question 44

what are stretch receptors in teh visceral pleura, bronchioles, and alveoli stimulated by

Answer 44

stretch of tissues

Question 45

what are chemosensitive ares of the respiratory center stimulated by

Answer 45

high plasma partial pressure of CO2 and high cerebrospinal fluid hydrogen ion concentration

Question 46

carbon dioxide percentages

Answer 46

70% bicarbonate ion
23% bound to hemoglobin
7% dissolved in plasma