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lymphatic system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the lymphatic system do

A

returns extracellular fluid back to the cardiovascular system, provides immunity and aids in the digestion of fats

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2
Q

what helps fight against infectious agents

A

masses of lymphocytes found in lymph nodes

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3
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

microscopic close ended tubes that extend into interstital spaces and recieve tissue through thin wall s

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4
Q

lymphatic vessels are formed by the merging of what

A

lymphatic capillaries

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5
Q

do lymph vessels have valves

A

yes

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6
Q

what do larger lymphatic vessels merge into

A

lymphatic nodes which merge into lymphatic trunks

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7
Q

lymphatic trunks do what

A

drain lymph from larger body regions

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8
Q

the two collecting ducts that trunks lead to

A

thoracic and right lymphatic duct

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9
Q

where do collecting ducts drain into

A

subclavian veins

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10
Q

where does tissue fluid originate

A

plasma

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11
Q

what is tissue fluid made of

A

water and dissolved substances that have passed through the blood capillary wall

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12
Q

tissue fluid generally lacks what

A

large proteins

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13
Q

what happens as the concentration of tissue fluid increases

A

colliod osmotic pressure increases

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14
Q

how does fluid become lymph

A

increasing hydrostatic pressure in interstitial spaces forces some tissue fluid into lymphatic capillaries

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15
Q

what does lymph formation prevent

A

edema

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16
Q

what is true about the flow of lymph and hydrostatic pressure (HP)

A

it s under low HP and may not flow readily without external aid

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17
Q

what moves lymph

A

contractions of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle in the walls of large lymphatic trunks, and the low pressure in the thorax created by breathing

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18
Q

conditions affecting the flow of lymph results in what

A

edema

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19
Q

lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine do what

A

absorb and transport lipids

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20
Q

lymph returns what into the bloodstream

A

small protein molecules and fluid

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21
Q

lymph transports what to the lymph nodes

A

foreign particles

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22
Q

MALT

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

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22
Q

what is MALT associated with

A

digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

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23
Q

what are the lymphatic organs

A

lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen

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24
Q

typical shape of lymph nodes

A

bean shaped

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25
Q

lymph nodes are enclosed in what

A

CT that extends into the nodes

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26
Q

lymph nodes subdivide into what

A

nodules

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27
Q

what do lymph nodes do

A

filter potentially harmful foreign particles from the lymph before it is returned to the bloodstream

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27
Q

nodules contain what

A

masses of lymphocytes and macrophages and spaces through which lymph flows

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28
Q

where are lymph nodes located, and in what regions/cavities

A

in groups or chains along larger lymphatic vessels
cervical region
axillary region
supratrochlear region
inguinal region
pelvic cavity
thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity

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29
Q

what does the thymus do after puberty

A

slowly shrinks

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29
Q

what do lymph nodes contain

A

lymphocytes that act against foreign particles and macrophages that remove foreign particles

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30
Q

what is the thymus

A

a soft bilobed organ within the mediastinum

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31
Q

what do lobules contain

A

lymphocytes

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31
Q

what is the thymus composed of and subdivided into

A

composed of lymphatic tissue and subdivided into lobules

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32
Q

what leaves the thymus and provides immunity

A

T lymphocytes

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33
Q

what does the thymus secrete

A

thymosins

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34
Q

what do thymosins stimulate

A

maturation of T lymphocytes

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35
Q

where is the spleen

A

ULQ of abd cavity

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35
Q

what are the spaces in splenic lobules filled with

A

blood

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36
Q

what does the spleen resemble

A

a large lymph node encapsulated and subdivided into lobules by CT

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37
Q

what does the spleen do

A

filter foreign particles and damaged red blood cells from the blood

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38
Q

what does the spleen contain

A

macrophages and lymphocytes

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38
Q

types of immunity

A

innate and adaptive

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39
Q

what may cause an infection

A

the presence and reproduction of a pathogen

40
Q

examples of mechanical barriers

A

hair, sweat, tears, saliva, urine

40
Q

what are pathogens

A

bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses

41
Q

what is innate immunity

A

nonspecific immunity
mechanical barriers
inflammation
chemical barriers
natural killer (NK) cells
phagocytosis
fever

42
Q

what are the mechanical barriers against infection

A

mucous membranes and the skin

43
Q

damaged tissues release chemicals that attract what to the site

A

white blood cells

43
Q

what is inflammation

A

tissues response to damage, injury, or infection

44
Q

what may occur in fluids that accumulate

A

clotting

45
Q

what may form around the damaged tissue to aid in preventing the spread of pathogens

A

a CT sac

46
Q

what are some examples of chemical barriers

A

enzymes in gastric juices
tears
low pH in stomach
high salt concentration in sweat
interferons
defensins
collectins
activation of complement proteins in plasma

47
Q

what do interferons do

A

stimulate uninfected cells to synthesize antiviral proteins that block the growth of viruses, stimulate phagocytosis, and enhance activity of cells that help resist infections and stifle tumor growth

48
Q

what do defensins do (more like offensins)

A

make holes in bacterial walls and cell membranes

49
Q

what do collectins do

A

protect against a wide variety of microbes by binding to them and facilitating phagocytosis (they go around collecting microbes and host a killing party for them)

50
Q

what is the activation of complement proteins in plasma

A

it stimulates inflammation, attracts phagocytes, and enhances phagocytosis (sets up the party, invites the friends (phagocytes), and hypes up the friends)

51
Q

why are NK cells so slay?

A

they secrete perforins which kill cancer cells and cells infected with viruses (its giving vigilante) AND proinflammatory stuff

52
Q

what are the most active phagocytes in the blood

A

neutrophils and monocytes

53
Q

monocytes? more like mothercytes!
she gives rise to what cell…?

A

macrophages which can be free or fixed in various tissues

54
Q

what are phagocytic cells associated with

A

the linings of blood vessels in the liver, spleen, and mononuclear phagocytic system

55
Q

what causes a fever

A

when a viral or bacterial infection stimulates lymphocyte cells to secrete IL-1 which temporarily raises body temperature

56
Q

how does a fever help fight infection

A

elevated body temperature results in elevated iron in the blood which increases phagocytic activity towards the infection

57
Q

how does the body know the difference between self and non self antigens

A

during fetal development the body cells take an inventory of their own proteins and other large molecules, and then lymphocytes develop receptors that allow them to tell the difference between self and non self antigens

58
Q

what are haptens

A

small molecules that can combine with larger ones, becoming antigenic

58
Q

where to lymphocytes originate

A

in red bone marrow

59
Q

what happens to lymphocytes once they are released into the blood

A

some make to to the thymus where they are turned into T cells, others mature in the red bone marrow to become B cells

60
Q

where to both T and B cells reside

A

lymphatic tissues and organs

61
Q

when are T cells activated

A

when an antigen presenting cell displays a foreign anatigen

61
Q

each variety of T and B cell respond only to what

A

a specific antigen

62
Q

what does a macrophage acting as an accessory cell do?

A

it phagocytizes an antigen bearing agent, digests the agent, and displays the resulting antigens on its cell membrane in association with certain MHC proteins

63
Q

what to T cells react to

A

cell to cell contact (cellular immune response)

64
Q

what to T cells secrete

A

cytokines such as interleukens, that enhance cellular response to antigens and stimulate proliferation of a T cell to enlarge its clone
T cells also secrete substances that are toxic to their target cell

65
Q

when does a helper T cell become active

A

when its specific antigens are displayed

66
Q

what does a helper T cell do once its activated

A

stimulates a type of B cell to produce antibodies for the specific antigen

67
Q

what does a cytotoxic T cell do

A

recognize foreign antigens on tumor cells who’s surfaces indicate that they’re infected with a virus

68
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells secrete

A

perforin to destroy cells infected with a virus

69
Q

what do memory T cells do

A

allow for immediate response ti second and subsequent exposure to the same antigen

70
Q

when are B cells activated

A

when it encounters an antigen that fits or when stimulated by a helper T cell

71
Q

what do some B cells differentiate into

A

anti-body producing plasma cells

72
Q

what is the humoral immune response

A

when antibodies react against the antigen bearing agent that stimulated their production

73
Q

where do memory B cells come from

A

further differentiated B cells

74
Q

what are immunoglobulins

A

soluble proteins called antibodies

74
Q

what constitutes the gamma globulin fraction of plasma

A

immunoglobulins

75
Q

what does each immunoglobulin consist of

A

four linked chains of amino acids

76
Q

antigen-binding sites

A

variable regions at the end of the 4 amino acid chains of immunoglobulins that react with antigens

77
Q

the 5 major types immunoglobulins

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE

78
Q

which immunoglobulins make up most of the circulating antibodies

A

IgG, IgA, and IgM

79
Q

what do antibodies do?

A

directly attack antigens
bind antigens to activate their complement
stimulate local tissue changes that are unfavorable to antigen bearing agents

80
Q

what does the direct attack of an antigen result in (3 things)

A

agglutination
precipitation
neutralization

81
Q

what do activated complement proteins do

A

alter infected cells to be more susceptible to phagocytosis
attract phagocytes
lyse foreign cell membranes

82
Q

during the primary immune response, antibodies are produced for how long

A

several weeks

82
Q

what is the primary immune response

A

B and T cells encountering an antigen that they are specialized to react to

83
Q

what is the secondary immune response

A

memory cells rapidly respond to subsequent exposure to an antigen

84
Q

what immunity protects populations

A

herd immunity

85
Q

example of naturally acquired active immunity

A

a person encounters a pathogen and has a primary immune response

86
Q

example of artificially acquired active immunity

A

a person receives a vaccine containing a dead or weakened pathogen

87
Q

example of artificially acquired passive immunity

A

a person receives a vaccine with an antiserum or antitoxin

88
Q

example of naturally acquired passive immunity

A

antibodies pass from mother to baby in utero

89
Q

which lasts longer, active or passive immunity

A

active lasts much longer than passive

89
Q

what is a hypersensitivity reaction

A

excessive misdirected immune response that may damage tissue

90
Q

what is a type 1 hypersensitivity (immediate reaction)

A

a person is born with the ability to overproduce IgE in response to an allergen

91
Q

what do allergic reactions actually result from

A

mast cells bursting and releasing allergy mediators like histamine

92
Q

type 2 hypersensitivity (antibody-dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity)

A

when a blood transfusion is mismatched

93
Q

type 3 hypersensitivity (immune complex hypersensitivity)

A

involve autoimmunity and immune reactions against self antigens

94
Q

type 4 hypersensitivity (delayed-reaction hypersensitivity)

A

can occur in anyone and inflame the skin, results from repeated exposure to chemicals or cosmetic products

95
Q

what are MHC antigens

A

substance that helps the body accept foreign tissue from a transplant

96
Q

autoantibodies (👎)

A

the little jerks responsible for autoimmune diseases :((( they attack the bodies own tissues

97
Q
A

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