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Pharm > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

3 different types of drug names

A

Chemical
Trade (brand)
Generic

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2
Q

Generic name starts with a

A

Lowercase letter

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3
Q

Before any drug is marketed it is given a ____ that becomes the “official” name for the drug

A

Generic name

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4
Q

Brand name starts with a

A

Upper case letter

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5
Q

acetaminophen is a trade name, what is an example of its generic name

A

Tylenol

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6
Q

FDA requires the active ingredient of the generic product to ____ at the same rate as the trade name product

A

Enter the bloodstream at the same rate

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7
Q

Generic name is generally ___ than brand name items

A

Cheaper

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8
Q

What does chemically equivalent mean

A

2 formulations of a drug meet the chemical and physical standards established by regulatory agencies

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9
Q

What does biologically equivalent mean

A

2 formulations of a drug produce similar concentrations of the drug in the blood and tissues

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10
Q

Therapeutically equivalent means

A

2 formulations of a drug have an equal therapeutic effect

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11
Q

For medications to be FDA approved it needs to be

A

Biologically equivalent and therapeutically equivalent

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12
Q

FDA determines?

A

Which drugs can be sold by prescriptions and OTC

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13
Q

Who regulates the labelling and advertising of prescription drugs

A

FDA

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14
Q

How long does it take for a new drug to be available on pharmacy shelves

A

12 years

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15
Q

Animal studies usually begin by measuring what?

A

Acute and chronic toxicity

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16
Q

Phase I clinical trials refers to small and then increasing doses administered to?

A

A limited number of healthy human volunteers

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17
Q

Phase I of clinical studies determines ?

A

Biologic effects
Metabolism
Safe dose range in humans
Toxic effects of the drigs

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18
Q

In phase II of clinical studies a larger group of humans are given the drug. What is reported by the FDA during this phase?

A

Adverse reactions

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19
Q

Phase 3 of clinical trials involves a large number of patients who have?

A

The condition for which the drug is indicated for

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20
Q

In phase III of clinical studies what must be demonstrated?
What is determined?

A

Safety and efficacy must be demonstrated
Dosage is determined

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21
Q

Phase 4 of clinical studies involves?
(Drug is now approved at this point)

A

Post marketing surveillance
-toxicity that occurs in pts taking the drug after it is released is recorded

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22
Q

Schedule II-IV drugs require a

A

Prescription

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23
Q

What schedule of drugs must be types or written in one or indelible ink

A

Schedule II

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24
Q

What schedule of drug prescriptions CANNOT be phoned to pharmacist

A

Schedule II

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25
Q

Schedule II prescriptions require what for refill

A

A new written prescription for refill

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26
Q

Schedule III-IV drugs may not be refilled more than how many times in what time frame?

A

May not be refilled more than 5 times in a 6 month period

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27
Q

Which schedule drug has the highest potential for abuse?
What are some examples

A

Schedule I
Ex. Herion. LSD. Hallucinogens

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28
Q

Examples of schedule II drugs

A

Oxycodone
Morphine
Amphetamine
Hydrocodone

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29
Q

Examples of schedule III drugs

A

Codeine mixtures (Tylenol 3)

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30
Q

Schedule V drugs do not need a prescription because

A

They can be purchased OTC

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31
Q

Package inserts should include what?

A

Chemical makeup of the drug
FDA approved indications for use
Warnings
Contraindications
Side effects
Drug interactions
Dose and administration
How supplied

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32
Q

What is the purpose of a black box warning

A

To draw attention to safety concerns associated with the drug

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33
Q

Orphan drugs are

A

Developed to treat rare medical conditions
(Funded by government assistance)

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34
Q

pc abbreviation means

A

After meals

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35
Q

ac abbreviation Means

A

Before meals

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36
Q

PO abbreviation means

A

By mouth / orally

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37
Q

ud abbreviation means

A

As directed

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38
Q

What part of the prescription includes prescribers name, address and phone #, patients name address age phone number and date of prescriptions

A

Heading

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39
Q

Body of prescriptions contains what

A

Rx symbol
Drug name / dose size / concentration
Directions to pt
Sig

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40
Q

Closing at the bottom of the prescription contains what

A

Prescribers sig
Refill instructions

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41
Q

Pharmokinetics is based off the principles of ADME which stands for

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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42
Q

Biologically active substance that can modify cellular function

A

Drug

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43
Q

What is potency

A

Amount of drug required to produce an effect

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44
Q

Efficacy is the

A

Maximum intensity of effect or response that can be produced by a drug

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45
Q

Will administering more of a drug increase the efficacy?

A

No
*increases the probability of an adverse rxn

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46
Q

Will administering more of a drug increase the efficacy?

A

No
*increases probability of an adverse rxn

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47
Q

Are efficacy and potency related?

A

No unrelated

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48
Q

The effects seen on cells organs and systems is the

A

Pharmacological effect

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49
Q

What is therapeutic effect

A

Desired effect of the drug

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50
Q

Unwanted effects of a drug is the

A

Adverse effect

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51
Q

Whether a drug will produce a pharmacological effect depends on the drug binding to its

A

Target
*concentration of the drug at the receptor site influences the drugs effect

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52
Q

Has affinity for a receptor
Combines with receptor
Produces an effect

A

Agonist

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53
Q

Counteracts action of agonist

A

Antagonist

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54
Q

What are the 3 types of antagonists

A

Competitive
Non competitive
Physiologic

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55
Q

Mechanisms of drug transfer

A

Passive transfer
Simple diffusion

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56
Q

Specialized transport of drugs in drug absorption

A

Active transport
Facilitated diffusion

57
Q

Distribution of a drug refers to the passage of drugs into various body fluid compartments such as

A

Plasma
Interstitial fluid
Intracellular fluid

58
Q

Metabolism or biotransformation is the body’s way of changing a drug so that

A

It can be more easily excreted by the kidney

59
Q

First pass metabolism pathway

A

Stomach
GI tract
Liver (pumps out good stuff)
Blood stream

60
Q

Liver can pump out the drug in what 3 states

A

Inactive metabolite
Active drug
Active metabolite

61
Q

Prodrug which is not active gets metabolized in liver and gets pumped out as

A

Active drug

62
Q

What are some factors that influence rate of drug absorption

A

Lipid solubility
Degree of ionization
Molecular shape and size
Site of absorption

63
Q

Drugs in solution are ____absorbed than drugs in tablet or capsule form

A

More rapidly

64
Q

What is half life

A

Time it takes for the concentration of drug to fall to 50% of its original blood level

65
Q

Takes approximately how many half life’s for drug to be completely eliminated from body

A

4-5 half lifes

66
Q

If drig is ionized it means it has a

A

Charge

67
Q

What tends to happen when drug is ionized (has a charge); it will not

A

Enter our cell (too bulky to pass membrane)

68
Q

Ionized drug is

A

Water soluble

69
Q

Non ionized drug is

A

Lipid soluble

70
Q

Local anesthetic is generally basic, if we inject into an area of infection (which is more acidic) what will be the effects of the LA

A

Effects will be reduced because when broken down becomes ionized and they can’t pass membrane to have effects

71
Q

Adverse drug reaction occurs at usual

A

Therapeutic doses

72
Q

Toxic reaction is

A

Exaggeration of the desired response (drug overdose)

73
Q

Idiosyncratic reaction

A

Genetically related abnormal drug response

74
Q

Interference with natural defense mechanisms

A

Certain drugs can interfere with body’s ability to fight infection

75
Q

Pans

A

Parasympathetic
Rest and digest

76
Q

Sans

A

Sympathetic
Fight or flight

77
Q

Cholinergic drug

A

Calms people down

78
Q

Cholinergic PANS agents direct acting

A

Acts like acetylcholine at receptor sites

79
Q

Cholinergic PANS agents: indirect acting

A

Causes increase in amount of acetylcholine indirectly
-inhibits acetylcholinesterase

80
Q

Cholinergic agents PANS adverse effect

A

SLUD

81
Q

Contraindications for Cholinergic agents pans

A

Bronchial asthma
Hyperthyroidism
GI or urinary tract obstruction
Severe cardiac disease
Myasthenia gravis
Peptic ulcer

82
Q

Anticholinergic agents pans
(Will not make you relax)

A

Cholinergic blocking agents
Prevent acetylcholine action at postganglionic pans nerve endings

83
Q

Anticholinergics on CNS

A

Cans produce stimulation or depression

84
Q

Anticholinergics on exocrine glands

A

Reduce flow and volume of secretions
*cause Xerostomia

85
Q

Anticholinergics on smooth muscle

A

Relax GI smooth muscle (stops digestion)

86
Q

Major transmitters in SANS

A

Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

87
Q

Two types of adrenergic receptors in SANS

A

Alpha and beta

88
Q

If neurotransmitter in sans bind to alpha-1 what will be effected

A

Veins

89
Q

If neurotransmitter in sans binds to beta-1 what will be affected

A

Heart

90
Q

If neurotransmitter binds to beta-2 it will affect the

A

Lungs

91
Q

Sans drugs are

A

adrenergic agents

92
Q

Adrenergic agents on sans

A

Eyes dilating
Increased bp and heart rate
Lungs open up
Dry mouth

93
Q

Adrenergic agents contraindications to taking the meds

A

Uncontrolled hypertension
Angina
Hyperthyroidism

94
Q

Epinephrine uses

A

Vasoconstriction
-prolonged action
-Hemostasis
-decongestion

95
Q

Adrenergic agents can be used to treat

A

Shock
Cardiac arrest

96
Q

Examples of adrenergic agents
*hint usually end in “rine”

A

Epinephrine
Phenylephrine
Dopamine
Levonordefrin

97
Q

Analgesics are

A

Pain relievers

98
Q

Non opioid aka

A

Non addictive
Non narcotic

99
Q

Perception is the

A

Physical component of pain

100
Q

Reaction is the

A

Psychological / emotional component of pain
-I.e do you enjoy the pain or do you dislike the pain

101
Q

Acetylsalicylic acid is aka

A

Aspirin

102
Q

Where do nonopioid analgesics act

A

Primarily at peripheral nerve endings
(Antipyretic effect is mediated centrally)

103
Q

Where do opioids primarily act

A

CNS

104
Q

Nonopioid analgesics inhibit

A

Prostaglandin synthesis

105
Q

Opioids affect the response to pain by

A

Depressing the CNS

106
Q

What “turns on the switch” or activates prostaglandins

A

Cox 1 and cox 2

107
Q

When prostaglandin is activated it causes

A

Pain fever and inflammation

108
Q

Acetylsalicylic acid inhibits

A

Prostaglandin synthesis

109
Q

Acetylsalicylic acid will tell cox 1 and 2 enzymes to stop releasing prostaglandin what is the effect of this

A

Pain goes away
Fever reduced

110
Q

Acetylsalicylic acid is absorbed from the

A

Stomach and small intestine

111
Q

Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) properties

A

Analgesic (stops pain)
Antipyretic (stops fever)
Anti inflammatory
Anti platelet (stops clotting/ is a blood thinner)

112
Q

Acetylsalicylic acid adverse reactions

A

GI effects (upset stomach)
Bleeding
Reye’s syndrome
Hepatic and renal effects

113
Q

Reyes syndrome

A

DO NOT give aspirin to kids. They may develop Reye’s syndrome which is liver and brain swelling in kids

114
Q

Overdose of aspirin effects

A

Tinnitus
Headache
Dizziness
Nausea
Vomiting

115
Q

Lethal dose of aspirin to children

A

4 g

116
Q

Warfarin plus aspirin

A

DO NOT
could cause severe bleeding

117
Q

NSAIDs are

A

Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs

118
Q

NSAIDs are similar to aspirin. They inhibit

A

Enzymes cox 1 and 2

119
Q

Taking NSAIDs results in

A

Reduction in formation of prostaglandin precursors and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid

120
Q

Are NSAIDS able to easily pass through cell membrane?

A

No

121
Q

Most NSAIDs peak in how many hours

A

1-2 hours

122
Q

NSAIDs useful in treatment of

A

Gout

123
Q

Adverse rxns of NSAIDs

A

Could cause blood clotting
Myocardial infarction or stroke
GI upset (but more common with aspirin)
Renal problems

124
Q

Who should NOT take NSAIDs

A

Ppl with asthma, cardiovascular disease, renal disease

125
Q

NSAIDs examples

A

Naproxen (aleve)

126
Q

Acetaminophen is aka

A

Tylenol

127
Q

Acetaminophen works as a

A

Analgesic and antipyretic

128
Q

Adverse reactions of acetaminophen

A

Hepatic necrosis (liver damage)
Nephrotoxicity (toxic to kidney)
Alcoholics should avoid

129
Q

Ibuprofen examples

A

Motrin
Advil

130
Q

Aspirin ibuprofen and naproxen should not be

A

Taken together

131
Q

Acetaminophen can be taken with

A

NSAIDs

132
Q

Endogenous substances in our body with opioid like substances

A

Enkephalins
Endorphins
Dynorphins

133
Q

3 important receptors in regard to opioids

A

Mu
Kappa
Delta

134
Q

What do opioids do

A

Analgesia
Sedation and euphoria
Cough suppression
GI effects (increase constipation)
Adverse reactions

135
Q

Naloxone is used for

A

An opioid overdose

136
Q

Naltrexone and methadone are used for

A

Treatment of opioid addiction

137
Q

Adverse effects of opioids

A

Respiratory depression (can’t breathe)
Nausea
Constipation
Miosis (pinpoint pupils)
Urinary retention and antidiuretic effects

138
Q

Drug of choice for dental pain

A

Ibuprofen

Pharm (9 decks)

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