Week 1/Chpt1 Flashcards
What is pharmacology
The study of drugs and their interactions with living cells and systems
What are the uses of drugs
Diagnosis
Treatment of disease
Prevention of disease
What do “drugs” include (4)
Synthetically derived compounds
Vitamins
Minerals
Herbal supplements
Role of dental hygienist in relation to pharmacology
Knowledge of pt meds/ health hx
Understanding of actions indications adverse reactions and therapeutic use
Who is usually the 1st to assess the patients medication history
Dental hygienist (DH)
In an emergency situation such as anaphylactic shock, what is administered quickly
Epinephrine
Early morning appointments should be scheduled for what pts
Asthmatic and anxious patients to reduce anxiety
Diabetic patients should be scheduled for an appointment when?
90 mins after meals and meds
Premedication/prophylaxis should be done how long prior to invasive dental treatment
30-60mins
All drugs have at least how many names
2
Each drug has only 1 ____ name, but can have several _____ names
Generic; trade
Chemical name/code name is given by
Company investigating the drug, drugs chemical structure
Trade name/brand name is given by?
Pharmaceutical company that discovers the drug
Generic name: “official name” refers to? Example?
Only 1 name per drug, before marketed not capitalized
Example: ibuprofen
After the original patent have expired, other companies can market the _____ name under a trade name of their choice. Example?
Generic name
Example: Advil
Generic substitution provides what kind of results at a reduced cost
Equivalent therapeutic results
What does chemically equivalent mean
2 formulations of a drug meet the chemical and physical standards
What does biologically equivalent mean
2 formulations of a drug produce similar concentrations of the drug in the blood and tissues
What does therapeutically equivalent mean?
2 formulations of a drug have equal therapeutic effects in a clinical trial
A drug consumed can be ____ equivalent but NOT _____ or _______ equivalent
Chemically; biologically; therapeutically
If it is biologically equivalent then it is
Therapeutically equivalent
Before drug products are authorized for sale in Canada, who reviews them to assess their safety, efficacy and quality
Health Canada
Drug products include?
Prescription and non prescription pharmaceuticals, disinfectants and sanitizers with disinfectant claims
Prior to being given market authorization a manufacturer must present
Substantive scientific evidence of a products safety, efficacy and quality as required by the food and drugs act regulation
When a product is offered for sale in Canada to treat or prevent disease or symptoms it is regulated as a drug under?
The food and drugs act
What 2 acts regulate narcotics in Canada
-Canadian food and drugs act (FDA)
-Controlled substances & drugs act (CDSA)
FDA requires that drugs comply with
Prescribed standards
FDA prohibits sale of drugs that are
Contaminated or unsafe
CDSA governs the
Possession, sale, manufacture production and distribution of narcotics
CDSA requires that only
Authorized persons possess narcotic substances
Authorized persons who can possess narcotic substances includes
Licensed manufacturers/distributors, pharmacists, practitioners, persons in charge of hospitals, or a person who has secured narcotics after filling a legal prescription
Clinical evaluation of a new drug takes how long from when the drug is synthesized to pharmacy shelves
12 years
Preclinical testing of a new drug involves what?
How long does it last?
Animal studies; measures acute/chronic toxicity, median lethal dose
Lasts about 3 years
Clinical studies of a new drug occurs in how many phases? (Human)
4
Phase 1 of clinical studies of a new drug involves what
Small and then increasing doses given to limited healthy human volunteers; to determine safety
Phase 2 of clinical studies of a new drug involves what?
Larger group of humans given the drug. To determine effectiveness
In phase 2 of new drug clinical studies, if any adverse reactions occur they are reported to?
FDA
What does phase 3 of clinical studies of a new drug consist of?
Group of patients given drug with the condition the drug is for
Phase 3 determines what?
Safety
Efficacy and
Dosage of the drug
Phase 4 of clinical studies of a new drug consists of what
Post marketing surveillance
-toxicity of drug reported after released
-removed off shelves if toxic
The CDSA is extremely important because it sets current requirement for
Writing prescriptions
Federal law divides controlled drugs into how many schedules according to abuse potential
5
Describe schedule I drugs
Highest abuse potential
-no accepted medical use; experimental use only/research
What is an example of a schedule I drug
Heroin
LSD
Hallucinogenics
Schedule II drugs require
A written prescription with providers signature. NO REFILLS
-high abuse potential
Examples of schedule II drugs
Oxycodone
Morphine
Amphetamine
Schedule III drugs have moderate abuse potential; no more than how many prescriptions in 6 months?
5
Example of schedule III drugs
Codeine mixtures (Tylenol 3)
Schedule IV drugs have a lesser abuse potential. No more than how many prescriptions in 6 months?
5
Example of schedule IV drug
Diazepam (Valium)
Tramadol (ultram)
Describe schedule V drugs
Least abuse potential
-can be bought otc
Schedule II and IV require what?
Prescription
What is a schedule I drug dental hygienists are allowed to prescribe
0.12% chlorohexidine gluconate
Package inserts are literature about the drug between manufacturer and FDA. What kind of information does this contain?
FDA approved for use
Contraindications
Warnings
Adverse reactions
Drug interactions
Dose and administration
FDA requires manufacture to display black box warning in package insert. What is the purpose of this?
Draws attention to warnings for both prescriber and patient
-for serious safety concerns
What are orphan drugs
Developed to treat rare medical conditions
When are drugs recalled?
If there is reasonable probability that their use will have serious adverse health effects and or death
What is the primary measuring system in pharmacy
The metric system
(mg, mL, L)
Prescription format has 3 parts which include
Heading
Body
Closing
What does the heading on a prescription include
-Name address phone of prescriber (printed)
-name address age phone of pt (written)
-date of prescription (not legal if no date)
Body of a prescription includes
Name and dose size/concentration of drug
Amount to be dispensed
Directions to pt
Closing of the prescription includes?
Prescribers signature
DEA # (if required)
Refill instructions
Abbreviation: ‘q’ means
Every
Abbreviation: ‘d’ means
Day
qod means
Every other day
hs means
At bedtime
ac means
Before meals
pc means
After meals
prn means
As needed
bid
Twice per day
tid
Three times a day
qid
Four times a day
ud
As directed
PO
By mouth
Law requires all prescriptions be labeled with what
Name of medication and strength
