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Pharm > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Drugs lack specificity therefore they can?

A

Act on many different organs and tissues

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2
Q

Due to the lack of specificity they can cause an?

A

Adverse reaction

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3
Q

Every drug has more than one

A

Action

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4
Q

Therapeutic effect equals?

A

Desirable action

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5
Q

Adverse effect equals

A

Undesirable action

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6
Q

What is dependant on the indication for which the drug is being used for

A

The effect

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7
Q

What are the adverse drug reaction categories? (5)

A

Toxic reaction
Side effect
Idiosyncratic reaction
Drug allergy
Interference with natural defense mechanism

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8
Q

Describe toxic reaction

A

It is extension of the effect on target organ
- it is dose related, predictable and excessive of desired effect

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9
Q

Describe side effect

A

Non therapeutic action on non target organs
-dose related
-predictable reaction
(Ex. Advil causing upset stomach)

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10
Q

Describe idiosyncratic reaction

A

Genetically related abnormal response
-neither side effect nor allergic reaction

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11
Q

Describe drug allergy

A

Immunological response
-mild to severe (rash-anaphylaxis)
-not predictable and not dose related

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12
Q

Describe interference with natural defense mechanism

A

Reduces body’s ability to fight infection

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13
Q

One must assess what prior to drug use

A

Risk to benefit ratio

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14
Q

What does teratogenic mean

A

Producing a malformed fetus

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15
Q

Why is the dental hygienist to question for pregnancy

A

Because the highest risk from exposure to drugs occurs BEFORE knowing the pregnancy status

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16
Q

What are some dental drugs that are safe for pregnancy

A

Penicillin
Erythromycin
Acetaminophen
Lidocaine

17
Q

What are some dental drugs that are contraindicated for pregnancy

A

Tetracycline
Benzodiazepines
Metronidazole
Non-steroidal anti inflammatory

18
Q

Injectable drugs at site of injection can cause?

A

Irritation
Pain
Tissue necrosis

19
Q

Topical agents can cause?

A

Irritation

20
Q

Oral drugs can cause a?

A

GI (gastrointestinal) irritation or dyspepsia (indigestion)

21
Q

Drug interaction are not adverse effects but can lead to

A

Adverse effects

22
Q

Drug interaction can lead to

A

Toxicity and lack of efficacy

23
Q

Risk of interaction of drugs increases with?

A

The number of drugs taken

24
Q

What role may grapefruits play in drug interaction? (Drug-food)

A

Eating grapefruits can cause an increase in plasma levels of antibiotics, benzodiazepines, calcium channel blockers and warfarin

25
Q

Uncontrolled hypothyroidism can increase the sensitivity to? (Drug-disease)

A

Epinephrine

26
Q

What is the effect of anticonvulsants on drug metabolism? (Drug-drug)

A

They decrease drug metabolism therefore increase the plasma level of the drug

27
Q

There are how many types of hypersensitivity (allergic reactions)

A

4

28
Q

Describe type 1 allergic reaction

A

Anaphylactic; immediate
-mediated by immunoglobin E (IgE) antibodies

29
Q

Describe type 2 allergic reaction

A

Cytotoxic; cytolytic
-complement dependant reactions with IgG or IgM antibodies

30
Q

Describe type 3 allergic reactions

A

Immune complex
-aggregation of antigens and antibodies

31
Q

Describe type 4 allergic reaction

A

Delayed
-mediated by sensitized T lymphocytes and macrophages

32
Q

In type 2 allergic reaction antigen-antibody complex is attached to red blood cell resulting in

A

Lysis

33
Q

Type 3 allergic reaction (immune complex) develops how many days after exposure and be chronic if continual exposure?

A

4-10days

34
Q

Describe ED50

A

Median effective dose
-produces a response in half of the subjects

35
Q

Describe LD50

A

Median lethal dose
-kills half of the subjects

36
Q

What is the equation for therapeutic index

A

LD50 /ED50 = therapeutic index (TI)

37
Q

The smaller the TI (narrow TI) what is more likely?

A

Toxicity is more likely

38
Q

Larger the TI (wider TI) is?

A

Safer

Pharm (9 decks)

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