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systemics > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

what is the large intestine composed of

A

cecum
colon
rectum

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2
Q

what sort of postural imbalances can lead to constipation

A

inability of the abdomen, diaphragm, low back and glute mm’s to contract effectively

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3
Q

observations of constipation

A

bloating

postural ax is performed to check for imbalances like hyperlordosis and a shortened psoas major

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4
Q

where do you feel appendicitis pain

A

lower right quadrant

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5
Q

CI’s for constipation

A

no heat on abdomen if ct has hx of cardiovascular problems

no heat if ct has inflamm bowel disease flaring up

abdominal massage for diarrhea

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6
Q

positioning for constipation

A

prone, pillow under abdomen and under ankles

supine - used for abdominal massage w pillows under knees to maintain hips at 90 degree flexion

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7
Q

hydro for constipation

A

warm on abdomen to increase circulation

cool to stimulate colon

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8
Q

supine tx for constipation

A

D breathing

decrease congestion in abdomen by CLOCKWISE direction

work on diaphragm

decrease HT and TRP in iliopsoas

maintain ROM by performing rhythmic movements of hip

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9
Q

what is IBS (spastic colon/constipation)

A

motility disorder that is associated w anxiety, stress, depression in over half the cases

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10
Q

symptom picture w IBS

A

steady or intermittent pain in lower abdomen

pain can be dull w sharp cramps occurring after eating or in the morning

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10
Q

what contributes to IBS

A

disruptions and incoordination of natural peristaltic actions and mass movements of colon

caused by autonomic dysfunction

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11
Q

CI’s for IBS

A

no heat on abdomen if increased blood pressure or cardiovascular problems

abdominal massage w diarrhea

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12
Q

rebound test for IBS?

A

negative

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13
Q

which 2 conditions does IBD identify

A

ulcerative colitis
crohn’s disease

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14
Q

what does Crohns disease result in

A

patchy ulcerative lesions which affect any part of the GI tract

causes scaring and thickening of the bowel

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15
Q

what area is most affected w crohns disease

A

ileum of small intestine and ileocecal area of colon

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16
Q

causes of sinusitis

A

viral infection
bacterial infection
increase in pressure

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17
Q

CI’s of sinusitis

A

fever

local lymphatic drainage w acute infection is CI’d

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18
Q

when one maxillary sinus is affected how do you position them

A

side lying with affected sinus uppermost

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19
Q

what causes asthma

A

bronchospasms

narrowing of airways in lungs

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20
Q

what is chronic bronchitis

A

condition that results in the production of purulent sputum for 3 months in a row to over two consecutive years

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21
Q

what is enlarged w chronic bronchitis

what increases

what decreases

A

enlargement of mucus secreting bronchial glands

increase in # of epithelial giblet cells

decrease in ciliated epithelial cells

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22
Q

blue bloater =

A

chronic bronchitis

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23
Q

in C bronchitis what happens to the airways

A

narrow airways due to chronic inflammation

thickening of bronchiole airways

decreased thoracic mobility

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24
Q

what is COPD a combo of

A

emphysema
chronic bronchitis

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25
Q

where does gas exchange take place

A

alveoli

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26
Q

what causes enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles and deconstruction of alveolar walls

A

emphysema

27
Q

chronic bronchitis is…

A

bronchiole glands and epithelial goblet cells are sources of mucus

airways are inflamed cause of ongoing irritation

can lead to pulmonary hypertension, heart failure and death

28
Q

what types of respiration are active

A

resting

forced exhalation/inhalation

29
Q

what type of respiration is passive

A

relaxed exhalation

30
Q

what happens during resting inhalation

A

diaphragm contracts and flattens

external intercostals contract, ribs lift

increase in dimensions of thorax

thorax volume increases and pressure in lungs decreases

air moves into lungs

scalenes elevate first 2 ribs

31
Q

what happens in forced inhalation

A

diaphragm descends

accessory mms are recruited

SCM, SUBCLAVIUS, LEV COSTARUM, SERRATUS POSTERIOR, LATS, PECS all engage

32
Q

what happens with relaxed exhalation

A

passive process

diaphragm relaxes upwards into dome shape

external intercostals and scalenes relax, ribs drop

thoracic volume decreases

pressure in lungs increases

33
Q

what happens in forced exhalation

A

internal intercostals contract, pulling ribs down

rec abdominus, obliques, QL are recruited

34
Q

positioning for chronic bronchitis

A

prone = improve ventilation and oxygenation

35
Q

positioning for unilateral and bilateral lung disease

A

unilateral = lying on unaffected side

bilateral = right side

36
Q

positioning for lower, middle, upper lobes

A

lower = pt’s hips elevated

right = one quarter turn from supine on left side

upper = seated

37
Q

pink puffer =

A

emphysema

people are usually thin

38
Q

what is emphysema

A

enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles

destruction of alveolar walls

39
Q

centrilobular emphysema

A

destroys central portion of the lungs
found in upper lobes

40
Q

panlobular emphysema

A

destroys lobules uniformly throughout the lungs

associated w inherited enzyme deficiency disorder

irregular form associated w TB

41
Q

bullae =

A

emphysema

42
Q

causes of emphysema

A
  1. overabundance of proteolytic enzymes

caused by inflammatory response to an airway irritant (cig smoke)

  1. inherited lack of proteolytic enzyme INHIBITORS
43
Q

extrinsic asthma (+)

A

irritating substances from outside the body

skin tests are positive

most childhood onset is extrinsic

44
Q

intrinsic asthma (-)

A

lack of clearly defined precipitating factors like an allergic response

skin tests are negative

adult onset = intrinsic
less reversibility

45
Q

asthma

A

abnormal response of airways

increased mucus production

air trapping occurs when mucus plugs trap air in lungs = causing increased lung volume

46
Q

what happens w extrinsic asthma

A

immune response occurs

histamines are released from mast cells into airways

edema of airways happens, thickening of bronchial walls

47
Q

airway obstruction in all types of asthma is reversible

A

true

48
Q

during an asthma attack

A

expiration becomes prolonged due to airway obstruction

air becomes trapped in lungs = hyperinflation

diaphragm becomes flattened prevents lower ribs from moving up and out

coughing becomes unproductive during, productive after

audible wheezing inhalation / exhalation

anxious and sweating

sitting upright is best position

dyspnea

49
Q

nutrients absorbed in sm intestine

A

water and electrolytes absorbed in large intestine

50
Q

what does someone with IBS mainly experience

A

constipation

pain in lower abdomen
sharp cramps or dull after eating or in morning

feeling incomplete evacuation

51
Q

what does ulcerative colitis result in

A

broad area of ulceration in mucosa of the left colon and rectum

pain and bloody diarrhea

52
Q

what is toxic megacolon

A

dilation of the colon that leads to systemic toxicity can occur

53
Q

crohns disease results in what

A

patchy ulcerative lesions

scarring and thickening of bowel

abscesses can result

ileum and sm intestine and ileocecal area of colon are affected

symptoms are more painful than colitis

54
Q

what is raynauds phenomenon

A

peripheral vascular disorder

affects blood vessels outside the heart and thorax

intense spasms of arteries and arterioles that supply the fingers and feet

55
Q

what does left ventricular failure cause

A

lung congestion

right causes congestion in the liver and limbs

56
Q

what is systolic pressure influenced by

A

the amount of blood ejected into the walls

57
Q

diastolic pressure is influenced by what

A

elastic qualities in the walls of arterial blood vessels

58
Q

varicose veins develop when

A

there is increase venous pressure

valves are unable to prevent backflow leading to impaired circulation

the valves become incompetent

standing for too long

59
Q

what is blood pressure

A

the force of the circulating blood against the blood vessel walls

determined by the amount of blood ejected into the aorta (stroke volume)
combined w # of contractions of the heart (heart rate)

60
Q

what is peripheral resistance influenced by

A

the tone of blood vessels and viscosity of blood

61
Q

formula for BP

A

cardiac output (stroke volume x heart rate)
OVER
total peripheral resistance

62
Q

+ OR - Ramirez’s test and Homans sign for DVT

A

+

63
Q

what is congestive heart failure

A

the hearts inability to pump sufficient blood to supply the body’s needs

64
Q

what does the renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism do

A

uses salt retention or salt loss to influence blood pressure

renin is released during SNS firing

causes vasoconstriction and salt and water retention that affects blood pressure

65
Q

what does the ANS do in regards to blood pressure

A

responsible for modifying heart rate and peripheral resistance to influence blood pressure over a short term

ANS & SNS nerves innervate heart

66
Q

CNS and blood pressure

A

uses massive vasoconstriction to raise blood pressure to prevent ischemia

systemics (9 decks)

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