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midterm Flashcards

1
Q

what is the large intestine composed of

A

cecum
colon
rectum

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2
Q

what sort of postural imbalances can lead to constipation

A

inability of the abdomen, diaphragm, low back and glute mm’s to contract effectively

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3
Q

observations of constipation

A

bloating

postural ax is performed to check for imbalances like hyperlordosis and a shortened psoas major

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4
Q

where do you feel appendicitis pain

A

lower right quadrant

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5
Q

CI’s for constipation

A

no heat on abdomen if ct has hx of cardiovascular problems

no heat if ct has inflamm bowel disease flaring up

abdominal massage for diarrhea

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6
Q

positioning for constipation

A

prone, pillow under abdomen and under ankles

supine - used for abdominal massage w pillows under knees to maintain hips at 90 degree flexion

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7
Q

hydro for constipation

A

warm on abdomen to increase circulation

cool to stimulate colon

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8
Q

supine tx for constipation

A

D breathing

decrease congestion in abdomen by CLOCKWISE direction

work on diaphragm

decrease HT and TRP in iliopsoas

maintain ROM by performing rhythmic movements of hip

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9
Q

what is IBS (spastic colon/constipation)

A

motility disorder that is associated w anxiety, stress, depression in over half the cases

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10
Q

symptom picture w IBS

A

steady or intermittent pain in lower abdomen

pain can be dull w sharp cramps occurring after eating or in the morning

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10
Q

what contributes to IBS

A

disruptions and incoordination of natural peristaltic actions and mass movements of colon

caused by autonomic dysfunction

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11
Q

CI’s for IBS

A

no heat on abdomen if increased blood pressure or cardiovascular problems

abdominal massage w diarrhea

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12
Q

rebound test for IBS?

A

negative

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13
Q

which 2 conditions does IBD identify

A

ulcerative colitis
crohn’s disease

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14
Q

what does Crohns disease result in

A

patchy ulcerative lesions which affect any part of the GI tract

causes scaring and thickening of the bowel

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15
Q

what area is most affected w crohns disease

A

ileum of small intestine and ileocecal area of colon

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16
Q

causes of sinusitis

A

viral infection
bacterial infection
increase in pressure

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17
Q

CI’s of sinusitis

A

fever

local lymphatic drainage w acute infection is CI’d

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18
Q

when one maxillary sinus is affected how do you position them

A

side lying with affected sinus uppermost

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19
Q

what causes asthma

A

bronchospasms

narrowing of airways in lungs

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20
Q

what is chronic bronchitis

A

condition that results in the production of purulent sputum for 3 months in a row to over two consecutive years

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21
Q

what is enlarged w chronic bronchitis

what increases

what decreases

A

enlargement of mucus secreting bronchial glands

increase in # of epithelial giblet cells

decrease in ciliated epithelial cells

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22
Q

blue bloater =

A

chronic bronchitis

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23
Q

in C bronchitis what happens to the airways

A

narrow airways due to chronic inflammation

thickening of bronchiole airways

decreased thoracic mobility

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24
what is COPD a combo of
emphysema chronic bronchitis
25
where does gas exchange take place
alveoli
26
what causes enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles and deconstruction of alveolar walls
emphysema
27
chronic bronchitis is...
bronchiole glands and epithelial goblet cells are sources of mucus airways are inflamed cause of ongoing irritation can lead to pulmonary hypertension, heart failure and death
28
what types of respiration are active
resting forced exhalation/inhalation
29
what type of respiration is passive
relaxed exhalation
30
what happens during resting inhalation
diaphragm contracts and flattens external intercostals contract, ribs lift increase in dimensions of thorax thorax volume increases and pressure in lungs decreases air moves into lungs scalenes elevate first 2 ribs
31
what happens in forced inhalation
diaphragm descends accessory mms are recruited SCM, SUBCLAVIUS, LEV COSTARUM, SERRATUS POSTERIOR, LATS, PECS all engage
32
what happens with relaxed exhalation
passive process diaphragm relaxes upwards into dome shape external intercostals and scalenes relax, ribs drop thoracic volume decreases pressure in lungs increases
33
what happens in forced exhalation
internal intercostals contract, pulling ribs down rec abdominus, obliques, QL are recruited
34
positioning for chronic bronchitis
prone = improve ventilation and oxygenation
35
positioning for unilateral and bilateral lung disease
unilateral = lying on unaffected side bilateral = right side
36
positioning for lower, middle, upper lobes
lower = pt's hips elevated right = one quarter turn from supine on left side upper = seated
37
pink puffer =
emphysema people are usually thin
38
what is emphysema
enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles destruction of alveolar walls
39
centrilobular emphysema
destroys central portion of the lungs found in upper lobes
40
panlobular emphysema
destroys lobules uniformly throughout the lungs associated w inherited enzyme deficiency disorder irregular form associated w TB
41
bullae =
emphysema
42
causes of emphysema
1. overabundance of proteolytic enzymes caused by inflammatory response to an airway irritant (cig smoke) 2. inherited lack of proteolytic enzyme INHIBITORS
43
extrinsic asthma (+)
irritating substances from outside the body skin tests are positive most childhood onset is extrinsic
44
intrinsic asthma (-)
lack of clearly defined precipitating factors like an allergic response skin tests are negative adult onset = intrinsic less reversibility
45
asthma
abnormal response of airways increased mucus production air trapping occurs when mucus plugs trap air in lungs = causing increased lung volume
46
what happens w extrinsic asthma
immune response occurs histamines are released from mast cells into airways edema of airways happens, thickening of bronchial walls
47
airway obstruction in all types of asthma is reversible
true
48
during an asthma attack
expiration becomes prolonged due to airway obstruction air becomes trapped in lungs = hyperinflation diaphragm becomes flattened prevents lower ribs from moving up and out coughing becomes unproductive during, productive after audible wheezing inhalation / exhalation anxious and sweating sitting upright is best position dyspnea
49
nutrients absorbed in sm intestine
water and electrolytes absorbed in large intestine
50
what does someone with IBS mainly experience
constipation pain in lower abdomen sharp cramps or dull after eating or in morning feeling incomplete evacuation
51
what does ulcerative colitis result in
broad area of ulceration in mucosa of the left colon and rectum pain and bloody diarrhea
52
what is toxic megacolon
dilation of the colon that leads to systemic toxicity can occur
53
crohns disease results in what
patchy ulcerative lesions scarring and thickening of bowel abscesses can result ileum and sm intestine and ileocecal area of colon are affected symptoms are more painful than colitis
54
what is raynauds phenomenon
peripheral vascular disorder affects blood vessels outside the heart and thorax intense spasms of arteries and arterioles that supply the fingers and feet
55
what does left ventricular failure cause
lung congestion right causes congestion in the liver and limbs
56
what is systolic pressure influenced by
the amount of blood ejected into the walls
57
diastolic pressure is influenced by what
elastic qualities in the walls of arterial blood vessels
58
varicose veins develop when
there is increase venous pressure valves are unable to prevent backflow leading to impaired circulation the valves become incompetent standing for too long
59
what is blood pressure
the force of the circulating blood against the blood vessel walls determined by the amount of blood ejected into the aorta (stroke volume) combined w # of contractions of the heart (heart rate)
60
what is peripheral resistance influenced by
the tone of blood vessels and viscosity of blood
61
formula for BP
cardiac output (stroke volume x heart rate) OVER total peripheral resistance
62
+ OR - Ramirez's test and Homans sign for DVT
+
63
what is congestive heart failure
the hearts inability to pump sufficient blood to supply the body's needs
64
what does the renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism do
uses salt retention or salt loss to influence blood pressure renin is released during SNS firing causes vasoconstriction and salt and water retention that affects blood pressure
65
what does the ANS do in regards to blood pressure
responsible for modifying heart rate and peripheral resistance to influence blood pressure over a short term ANS & SNS nerves innervate heart
66
CNS and blood pressure
uses massive vasoconstriction to raise blood pressure to prevent ischemia

systemics (9 decks)

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