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Midterm Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The high dose effect that would occur at a dose of 2 to 6 Gy is the:
a. Hematologic Syndrome
b. Gastrointestinal Syndrome
c. Central Nervous Syndrome
d. Prodromal Stage

A

a. Hematologic Syndrome

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2
Q

The most radioresistant phase of the cell cycle is:
a. Interphase
b. Mitosis
c. DNA Replication
d. Gap 1

A

c. DNA Replication

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3
Q

According to Target Theory:
a. Only direct effects can cause hits
b. RNA is considered the target molecule
c. Only indirect effects can cause hits
d. DNA is considered the target molecule

A

d. DNA is considered the target molecule

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4
Q

Of the following, which are considered the “Building Blocks” of protein synthesis?
a. Chromatin
b. Lipids
c. Carbohydrates
d. Amino Acids

A

d. Amino Acids

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5
Q

In a DNA molecule, the sequence of __________ determines the characteristics of every organism.
a. Sugars
b. Base Pairs
c. Phosphates
d. Hydrogen bonds

A

b. Base Pairs

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6
Q

Which of the following tissues is most radioresistant:
a. Lymph
b. Nerve
c. Skin
d. Thyroid

A

b. Nerve

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7
Q

Why is free radical formation considered such a threat to humans?
a. Free radicals produce scatter radiation
b. Free radicals can penetrate any type of shielding
c. Free radicals have been proven to have carcinogenic effects
d. Free radicals have been observed to produce toxic effects

A

d. Free radicals have been observed to produce toxic effects

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8
Q

Which of the following would be considered the most radio-resistant?
a. A fetus
b. A teenager
c. An adult
d. An elderly person

A

c. An adult

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9
Q

The target theory states that if ionization occurs in or near a key molecule,
a. enzymes and proteins will be irreparably damaged
b. Restitution is still highly likely
c. DNA may be inactivated and the cell will die
d. Two ion pairs will be produced

A

c. DNA may be inactivated and the cell will die

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10
Q

The term Epilation is used to refer to:
a. Loss of hair
b. Reduced white blood cell count
c. Cataract formation
d. Reddening of the skin

A

a. Loss of hair

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11
Q

Immature Somatic Cells are called:
a. Genetic cells
b. Base Cells
c. Stem Cells
d. Germ Cells

A

c. Stem Cells

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12
Q

The skin erythema dose (SED50) for humans is approximately:
a. 0.5Gy
b. 1Gy
c. 3Gy
d. 5Gy

A

d. 5Gy

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13
Q

What does the term “Indirect effect” of ionizing radiation refer to?
a. Genetic effects are produced
b. The ionizing event happens on the key target molecule
c. Scatter radiation is produced
d. The ionizing event occurs at one location and produces effects at a distant location

A

d. The ionizing event occurs at one location and produces effects at a distant location

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14
Q

How many matched pairs of chromosomes does a normal human cell contain?
a. 13
b. 23
c. 26
d. 46

A

b. 23

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15
Q

The technical term for the division of genetic cells is:
a. Mitosis
b. Interphase
c. Reproduction
d. Meiosis

A

d. Meiosis

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16
Q

Which of the following describes the shape of a DNA molecule?
a. Ovoid
b. Double Helix
c. Single Helix
d. Spherical

A

b. Double Helix

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17
Q

Which of the following physiological effects are associated with and most likely to occur as a result of a patient who is a victim of the hematologic syndrome of acute radiation syndrome?
a. Thrombus formation and remission
b. headaches and coma
c. Nausea and bloody diarrhea
d. Decreased leukocytes and thrombocytes

A

d. Decreased leukocytes and thrombocytes

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18
Q

Which of the following cell groups are considered highly radiosensitive?
a. Lymphocytes, spermatogonia, erythroblasts, and intestinal crypt cells
b. Muscle cells, nerve cells, and chondrocytes
c. Endothelial cells, osteoblasts, spermatids, and fibroblasts
d. Muscle cells and osteoblasts

A

a. Lymphocytes, spermatogonia, erythroblasts, and intestinal crypt cells

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19
Q

Which action of ionizing radiation is most harmful to the human body?
a. Indirect effect
b. Direct effect
c. Mitotic effect
d. Double effect

A

a. Indirect effect

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20
Q

There is a high probability that a radiation hit will produce chromatid deletion in both arms of the chromosome:
a. True
b. False

A

b. False

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21
Q

Which of the following types of radiation has the highest Linear Energy Transfer (LET)?
a. Gamma Rays
b. Alpha Particles
c. 1 MeV Electrons
d. Fast Neutrons

A

b. Alpha Particles

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22
Q

The DQ in the cell survival curve describes the:
a. Number of targets actually hit
b. Organelle Damage
c. DNA Damage
d. Threshold dose of the irradiated cells

A

d. Threshold dose of the irradiated cells

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23
Q

The most radiosensitive part of the cell cycle is the ________ Phase.
a. S
b. G1
c. M
d. G2

A

c. M

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24
Q

The least radiosensitive part of the cell cycle is the _______ phase.
a. S
b. G1
c. M
d. G2

A

a. S

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25
Q

As radiation dose increases, the severity of deterministic effects is not effected.
a. True
B. False

A

B. False

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26
Q

At low doses of radiation, most cellular damage is the result of:
a. Main-chain scission
b. Cross-linking
c. Point Lesions
d. Cell Death

A

c. Point Lesions

27
Q

DNA duplication occurs during which phase of the cell cycle?
a. Prophase
b. Mitosis
c. Anaphase
d. S Phase

A

d. S Phase

28
Q

How does the LET of radiation affect its relative biologic effectiveness (RBE)?
a. Higher LET Radiations have higher RBE values
b. Higher LET radiations have lower RBE values
c. Higher LET radiations cause RBE values to stabilize
d. There is no correlation between LET and RBE

A

a. Higher LET Radiations have higher RBE values

29
Q

The type of irradiation damage most likely to cause abnormalities in base sequences, and thus cell mutation, would be:
a. Single-Strand breaks
b. Cross-Linking
c. Double-Strand Breaks
d. Base Damage

A

d. Base Damage

30
Q

What is the name of the molecule that has one or more unpaired electrons and is usually chemically reactive?
a. Ion
b. Polypeptide
c. Amino acid
d. Free Radical

A

d. Free Radical

31
Q

The process of genetic cell division is called:
a. Mitosis
b. Synthesis
c. Meiosis
d. Reproduction

A

c. Meiosis

32
Q

Which stage of the cell cycle is known as the “Resting Stage”?
a. Prophase
b. Mitosis
c. Meiosis
d. Interphase

A

d. Interphase

33
Q

The dose to produce temporary epilation to the scalp is approximately:
a. 0.5 Gy
b. 1 Gy
c. 3 Gy
d. 7 Gy

A

c. 3 Gy

34
Q

It is assumed that biological effects from diagnostic radiology exposures follow the ______________ dose-response model.
a. Linear Threshold
b. Linear Non-threshold
c. Nonlinear Threshold
d. Nonlinear Non-threshold

A

b. Linear Non-threshold

35
Q

The Least radio-resistant cells in the human body are:
a. epithelial cells
b. Nerve Cells
c. Osteocytes
d. Lymphocytes

A

d. Lymphocytes

36
Q

The Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau states that:
1. Younger cells are more radiosensitive
2. Rapidly dividing cells are more radiosensitive
3. Mature cells are less radiosensitive
4. Rapidly growing cells are more radiosensitive

a. 1 and 2
b. 1, 2, and 4
c. 1, 3, and 4
d. 1, 2, 3, and 4

A

d. 1, 2, 3, and 4

37
Q

Which of the following measures the rate of energy lost along the track of an ionizing particle?
a. Relative Biologic effectiveness
b. Linear energy transfer
c. Oxygen enhancement Ratio
d. Cell survival curve

A

b. Linear energy transfer

38
Q

The term interphase death means:
a. Cells die prior to entering interphase
b. Cells die while replicating
c. Cells die in between mitotic phases
d. The organism dies

A

c. Cells die in between mitotic phases

39
Q

The lethal dose of ionizing radiation for humans is usually given as follows:
a. LD 50/30
b. LD 50/60
c. LD 30/90
d. LD0

A

b. LD 50/60

40
Q

Meiosis is also known as the process of:
a. Gametal division
b. Reduction division
c. Selective division
d. Reproduction division

A

b. Reduction division

41
Q

Which of following is the term used to describe the separation of water into hydrogen and oxygen following irradiation?
a. Synthesis
b. radiolysis
c. Radiothesis
d. Free radical production

A

b. radiolysis

42
Q

The LD 50/60 dose to the whole body with no medical support is approximately:
a. 0.5 Gy
b. 1 Gy
c. 3.5 Gy
d. 6 Gy

A

c. 3.5 Gy

43
Q

Water constitutes approximately ____% of the body.
a. 60
b. 75
c. 80
d. 90

A

c. 80

44
Q

If a DNA base sequence is altered, which of the following would occur?
a. Gene Mutation
b. Gene duplication
c. Gene replication
d. Formation of chromatin

A

a. Gene Mutation

45
Q

In mitosis, chromosomes split into two halves. These halves are called?
a. Centromeres
b. Chromatids
c. Sister chromosomes
d. isochromatids

A

b. Chromatids

46
Q

The process of cell division of reproductive germ cells is called:
a. Meiosis
b. Mitosis
c. Transcription
d. Synthesis

A

a. Meiosis

47
Q

The stage of high-dose radiation effects in which the individual appears to have recovered but may still exhibit symptoms at a later date is called the:
a. Prodromal stage
b.Latent Period
c. Manifest Illness
d. Recovery Stage

A

b.Latent Period

48
Q

Relative Biologic Effectiveness (RBE):
a. Describes a measure of the rate at which energy is deposited as a charged particle travels through matter
b. Is a quantitative value of how much biologic damage radiation can cause
c. Is defined as the dose of radiation that produces a given biologic response under anoxic conditions divided. by the dose of radiation that produces the same biologic response under aerobic conditions
d. States that the stem cells are more radiosensitive than mature cells

A

b. Is a quantitative value of how much biologic damage radiation can cause

49
Q

Which of the following measures the rate of energy lost along the track of an ionizing particle?
a. Relative biologic effectiveness
b. Linear energy transfer
c. Cell survival curve
d. Oxygen enhancement ratio

A

b. Linear energy transfer

50
Q

The high dose effect that occurs at doses ranging from 2 Gy to 10 Gy is the:
a. Central Nervous syndrome
b. Prodromal Stage
c. Hematologic Syndrome
d. Gastrointestinal Syndromec.

A

c. Hematologic Syndrome

51
Q

The _______ is the first stage in acute radiation syndrome:
a. Latent period
b. Prodromal period
c. Manifest illness
d. Recovery

A

b. Prodromal period

52
Q

Which of the following terms is used in describing cell damage from radiation that is not sufficient to kill the cell?
a. Interphase recovery
b. Interphase damage
c. Sublethal recovery
d. Sublethal damage

A

d. Sublethal damage

53
Q

Which of the following body molecules are most commonly acted upon directly by ionizing radiation to produce indirect effects?
a. Lipids
b. Proteins
c. Carbohydrates
d. Water

A

d. Water

54
Q

Higher acute doses will result in ____ latent periods:
a. Shorter
b. Longer
c. Unchanged
d. None of the above

A

a. Shorter

55
Q

The types of DNA molecule damage include:
1. Main-chain scission, one side rail broken
2. Main-chain scission, both side rails broken
3. Main-chain scission, resulting in cross-linking
4. Rung breakage, cause bases to separate
5. A change in or loss of a base

a. 4 only
b. 1, 2, and 3
c. 1, 2, 4 and 5
d. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
e. None of the above

A

d. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

56
Q

Which of the following contains the human hereditary blue print?
a. The nucleolus
b. RNA
c. Ribosomes
d. Genes

A

d. Genes

57
Q

Which of the following systems is the most radiosensitive vital organ system in human beings?
a. Reproductive
b. skeletal
c. Gastrointestinal
d. Hematopoietic

A

d. Hematopoietic

58
Q

In which area of the cell is the majority of RNA located?
a. Nucleolus
b. Mitochondria
c. Lysosomes
d. Cytoplasm

A

d. Cytoplasm

59
Q

Nonthreshold:
a. Means that an observed response is directly proportional to the dose
b. Means that an observed response is not directly proportional to dose
c. Assumes that there is a radiation level reached under which there would be no effects observed
d. Assumes that any radiation dose produces an effect

A

d. Assumes that any radiation dose produces an effect

60
Q

How does oxygen retention affect cell radiosensitivity?
a. Increases radiosensitivity
b. Decreases radiosensitivity
c. Does not affect radiosensitivity
d. Negates Radiosensitivity

A

a. Increases radiosensitivity

61
Q

In order for an indirect hit to occur, the initial ionizing event must happen to the DNA molecule.
a. True
b. False

A

b. False

62
Q

Based upon the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, the fetus is highly radiosensitive because of:
a. Low proliferation rates
b. High Mitotic activity
c. Large numbers of mature and highly differentiated cells
d. Its environment

A

b. High Mitotic activity

63
Q

There is a possibility of recovery from any acute radiation exposures.
a. True
b. False

A

b. False

64
Q

Radiation induced chromosomes damage may be evaluated during which of the following phases?
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase

A

b. Metaphase

Rad Bio (10 decks)

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