MIDTERM Flashcards
A branch of philosophy that seeks to determine how
human actions may be judged right or wrong.
Ethics
Who said “character is of central importance to ethics, and
one cannot have a good character without having formed good
ethoi or habits.”
Aristotle
ETHICS is Greek for _____, and MORALITY comes from ______,
which is Latin for customs.
customs;mores
Refers to human conduct and values. Also may be perceived as prescriptions or rules
to guide our actions and behavior
Morality
Refers to the study of those. Also may be perceived as a set of analytical tools
or a process that helps to identify right conduct and
determine appropriate behavior
Ethics
A branch of knowledge that deals with living
organisms and vital processes.
Biology
The field of applied ethics that is concerned with the vast array of moral decision-making situations that arise in the practice of medicine in addition to the procedures and the policies that are designed to guide
such practice.
Healthcare Ethics
Healthcare Ethics AKA.
Medical Ethics
A multidisciplinary lens through which to view
complex issues and make recommendations
regarding a course of action.
Healthcare Ethics
What are the application of the core principles of bioethics
Autonomy
Nonmaleficence
Beneficence
Justice
Are viewed as
synonymous, health ethics is more limited as it
confines itself to the moral behavior in relation
to health.
Bioethics and Health Ethics
Moral science that deals with the
obligation of a professional
towards his profession, the
public, and to his client.
Professional Ethics
Refers to the moral, social & political problems that
arise from biology & the life sciences generally that
involve, directly or indirectly, human wellbeing.
Bioethics
“Bioethics” emerged between _____ to ____
1960s;1970
Who is the oncologist that conceptualized bioethics as a comprehensive field of thought
and action
Van Potter
Enduring beliefs or attitudes about the worth of a person,
object, idea or action.
Values
It influence decision and actions
Values
Values are learned through observation &
experience
Value Transmission
Influenced by sociocultural environment:
Societal traditions
Culture
Ethnic & religious groups
Family and peers
Internalization of
accumulative values derived
from society and environment
Personal Value
A process by which people identify, examine, and develop
their own individual values
Values Clarification
Fundamental professional nursing values
of human dignity, equality, and prevention
of suffering have not varied over time or
across groups
Clarifying Nurse’s Value
Nurses need to identify clients’
values as they influence and
relate to a particular health
problem
Clarifying Client Value
What are the process to help clarify their values.
List alternatives
Examine possible consequences of choices
Choose freely
Feeling about the choice
Affirm the choice.
Act with a pattern
The expected standards of moral
behavior of a particular group as
described in the group’s formal code of professional ethics
Ethics
The expected standards of moral
behavior of a particular group as
described in the group’s formal code of professional ethics
Ethics
Refers to private, personal standards of what is right and
wrong conduct, character and attitude.
Morality
Law reflects moral values of society
Distinguish Morality and Law
Some religions have differences in moral perspective in
relation to health
Distinguish Morality and Religion
The process of learning to tell the difference
between right and wrong
Moral Development
Nurses can use moral theories in explaining ethical decisions and discussions of problematic situations
Ethical Theories/Moral Frameworks
Three Types of Moral Theories
Consequences
Principles & Duties
Relationships
Hold only the consequences of actions matter
morally
Teleological Theories
Actions are morally right if and only they maximize the good (or, alternatively
minimizes the bad).
Utilitarism
Logical and formal process & emphasize individual rights, duties & obligations
Deontological Theories
Requires people to follow rules & do their duty
Kant’s Theory
It stresses courage, generosity,
commitment & the need to nurture and
maintain relationships
Relationship-Based Theories
Moral norms derive their normative force from the idea of contract or mutual agreement
Contractarian Ethics
Moral judgments must be made
within the context of the entirety of a situation and that all normative features of a situation must be viewed as a whole.
Situation Ethics
An action is morally right if the
consequences of that action are
more favorable than unfavorable
only to the agent performing the
action.
Ethical Egoism
Acceptance of a conduct code based on absolute, indisputable rights and duties
Ethical Absolutism
Views moral values as entirely relative to
different societies and contexts
Ethical Relativism
Do not consider consequences
Deontological
May consider the consequences of moral actions when deciding if they are right or wrong.
Teleological
An approach that
focuses on character
with the assumption
that a person of good
character will tend to
behave in ways that
are consistent with
their character.
Virtue Ethics
Concerned with the
character of individual
nurses and seeks ways to
enable nurses to develop
character traits
appropriate for actions
that enhance wellbeing.
Virtue Ethics in Nursing
5 Essential Nursing Values
Altruism
Autonomy
Human Dignity
Integrity
Social Justice
Concern for the welfare and well being of others.
Altruism
Right to self-determination. Respect patient’s right
Autonomy
Respect for inherent worth and uniqueness of others
Human Dignity
Honesty as reflected in the code of ethics and accepted standards
Integrity
Acting in accordance with fair treatment regardless of status, socio-cultural, gender differences
Social Justice
