HE FINALS Flashcards
Model and Definitions
Models/perceptions of disabilities that
influence how disabilities are addressed
in society:
4 Models and Definitions
The moral model
The medical model
The rehabilitation model
The disabilities (social) model
Views disabilities as sin
Old model that persists in some cultures
Individuals and their families may
experience guilt, shame, denial of care.
United Nations established Standard Rules
on the Equalization of Opportunities for
Persons with Disabilities specifying
fundamental right of access to care.
The Moral Model
view disabilities as problems requiring
intervention to cure.
The belief that people with disabilities must
be “cured” has been criticized by advocates.
The medical and rehabilitation models
disability as defect/sickness
Medical model:
disability as deficiency
Rehabilitation model:
most influential on current thinking.
Embraces disability as a normal part of life
Views social discrimination, rather than the
disability itself, as the problem
The disabilities model
“A complex phenomenon, reflecting an
interaction between features of a person’s
body and features of the society in which he
or she lives.” (WHO, 2016)
Disability
U.S. Social Security Administration defines
disability in terms of an individual’s ability to
work.
Disability
Types of Disabilities
Sensory disabilities
Learning disabilities
Developmental disabilities
Mental illness
Physical disabilities
Communication disorders
Chronic illness
Sensory Disabilities: Hearing
Impairments
Total or partial auditory loss
Incidence increases with age.
Hearing loss described by type, degree, and configuration
Types of hearing loss
(usually correctable, loss in
ability to hear faint noises)
Conductive
Types of hearing loss
Conductive (usually correctable, loss in
ability to hear faint noises)
Sensorineural (permanent, damage to
cochlea or nerve pathways)
Mixed
Modes of Communication to Facilitate
Teaching/Learning:
a.American Sign Language (ASL)
b.Lipreading
c.Written materials
d.Verbalization by client
e.Sound augmentation
f.Telecommunication devices for the deaf
(TDD)
Sensory Deficits: Visual
Impairments (cont’d)
Common Eye Diseases of Aging:
Macular degeneration
Cataracts
Glaucoma
Diabetic retinopathy
Learning Disabilities
Varied and often unclear causes
Most individuals have normal or superior
intelligence.
Disorders include: of Learning Disabilities
Dyslexia
Auditory processing disorders
Dyscalculia
Developmental Disabilities
A severe chronic state that is present
before 22 years of age, is caused by mental
and/or physical impairment, and is likely
to continue indefinitely
Developmental Disabilities Included:
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Intellectual disabilities
Asperger syndrome/autism spectrum
disorder
Physical Disabilities: Memory
Disorders Causes included
Brain injury
Amnesia
Alzheimer’s disease
Parkinson’s disease
Multiple sclerosis
Brain tumors
Depression
Communication Disorders
Deficits affect perception and/or language
production abilities.
Most common residual communication
deficits
Global aphasia
Expressive aphasia
Receptive aphasia
Anomic aphasia
Dysarthria
A Differentiated View of Ethics,
Morality, and Law
Ethics, Ethical
Moral Values
Ethical Dilemmas
Legal rights and duties
Practice Acts
Ethics
(guiding behavioral principles),
ethical
(societal behavior standards)
Moral values
(internal belief system)
Ethical dilemmas
(moral conflict)
Legal rights and duties
(rules governing
behavior, enforceable by law)
Practice acts
(documents defining a
profession)
Application of Ethical and Legal
Principles
Autonomy, Beneficence, Justice, Confidentiality, Veracity, Nonmaleficence
the right of a client to
self-determination
Autonomy
truth telling; the honesty by a
professional in providing full disclosure
to a client of the risks and benefits of any
invasive medical procedure
Veracity
a binding social contract
or covenant to protect another’s privacy;
a professional obligation to respect
privileged health information
Confidentiality
the principle of doing no harm
nonmaleficence
the doing or nondoing of an
act, pursuant to a duty, that a reasonable person
in the same circumstances would or would not
do, with these actions or nonactions leading to
injury of another person or his/her property
Negligence
refers to a limited class of
negligent activities that fall within the scope of
performance by those pursuing a particular
profession involving highly skilled and
technical services
Malpractice
a standard of behavior; a
behavioral expectation relevant to one’s
personal or professional status in life
Duty
the principle of doing good; acting
in the best interest of a client through
adherence to professional performance
standards and procedural protocols
Beneficence
equal distribution of goods, services,
benefits, and burdens regardless of client
diagnosis, culture, national origin, religious
orientation, sexual preference, and the like
Justice
The Information Age
A period in history characterized by:
Birth of the Internet, World Wide Web
Development of Internet technology
Wide-scale computer production
Development of user-friendly software
“Fourth Industrial Revolution” today is
characterized by technology fusion:
Artificial intelligence
Biotechnology
3D printing
Nanotechnology
Health Education in a Technology-Based
World: Emerging Concerns (cont’d)
e-Health Code of Ethics: Principles
Candor
Honesty
Quality
Informed Consent
Privacy
Professionalism
Responsible partnering
Accountability
Healthcare Consumer Education in
a Technological World
Gaps exist between those individuals who
have access to information technology
resources and those who do not.
Historical risk factors: of Healthcare Consumer Education in
a Technological World
Age (>65 years)
Race (African Americans)
Level of Education (<HighSchool)
Household makeup (homes without children)
Presence of disabilities
Choosing Instructional
Materials: Major Variables
Characteristics of the Learner
Sensorimotor abilities
Reading skills
Motivational levels (locus of control)
Developmental stages
Learning styles
Gender
Socioeconomic characteristics
Cultural backgrounds
Choosing Instructional
Materials: Major Variables
Characteristics of the Medium
Print
Demonstration
Audiovisual
Nonprint
Choosing Instructional Materials:
Major Variables
Characteristics of the Task
Characteristics of the Task
Commercial and self-composed materials
have own advantages and disadvantages
Types of Instructional Materials:
Written Materials
Types of Instructional Materials:
Written Materials
Evaluating printed materials:
Nature of the audience
Literacy level required
Linguistic variety available
Clarity and brevity
Layout and appearance
Opportunity for repetition
Concreteness and familiarity
3D objects allowing learner to immediately
apply knowledge, psychomotor skills while
the teacher gives feedback
Demonstration Materials:
Models
Abstract thinking, multiple senses
Demonstration Materials:
Models
Enhances learning for visual, kinesthetic
Demonstration Materials:
Models
Demonstration Materials:
Models
Types
Replicas (resemble)
Analogues (act like)
Symbols (stand for)
Types of hearing loss
(usually correctable, loss in
ability to hear faint noises)
Conductive
