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Research methods > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Using logic and reason to come to knowledge involves using which of the following:

A

Rationalization

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2
Q

Identifying the cause of a relationship between two variables meets which goal of human behavioral research?

A

Explaining behavior

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3
Q

Identify two circumstances under which would not need to obtain informed consent

A

Archival data and for class observation or demonstration purposes

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4
Q

What to goal should be accomplished with a debriefing

A

Dehoaxing: revealing hypothesis and any deception

Densensitizing: improving mood or other aspects

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5
Q

Which of the following is true about falsified data

A

 it might go undetected if it is consistent with results from other laboratories

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6
Q

Compared to laboratory research what is the advantage of field research?

A

There is a greater degree of mundane realism

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7
Q

Which of the following is the best example of converging operations

A

Several studies use different operational definitions of aggression yet produce the same basic results

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8
Q

Can you show causation with a subject variable?

A

No, because there are too many differences in between groups

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9
Q

acceptance of facts because the person is highly respected

A

authority

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10
Q

coming to direct knolwedge without reasoning

A

intuition

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11
Q

unquestioning faith in the truth of some matter held due to fear of uncertainty

A

tenacity

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12
Q

use of discourse and logic

A

Rationalization

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13
Q

learning through experience
basis of the scientific method

A

Empiricism

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14
Q

Attributes of Scientific Thinking

A

Determinism
Systematic Observations
Public Knowledge
Objectivity
Data Based Conclusions
Tentative Conclusions
Answerable Questions

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15
Q

all events have causes

A

determinism

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16
Q

aspects of this attribute include:
- precise definitions
- reliable and valid measuring tools
- accepted methodology
- systems of logic for drawing conclusions

A

systematic observation

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17
Q

Moving knowledge into the public sphere objectively

A

public knowledge

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18
Q

observation that’s verified by more than one observer

A

objectivity

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19
Q

conclusions about human behavior that can be supported by evidence gathered through systematic procedure

A

Data Based Conclusion

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20
Q

conclusions that are subject to revision or change based on future research

A

Tentative Conclusions

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21
Q

questions that can be answered using the scientific method

A

Empirical Questions

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22
Q

T/F
theories can’t be proven only can provide support for a claim

A

True

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23
Q

any field that seems to use the scientific method but is based on inadequate unscientific methods

A

Pseudoscience

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24
Q

-associates with true science
- anecdotal evidence
- avoids falsification requirements
- oversimplifies

A

Ways to identify pseudoscience

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25
Q
  • describe behavior
  • predict behavior
  • explain behavior
  • correctly apply findings about behavior
A

Role of research in psych

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26
Q
  • develop theory & hypothesis
  • designing studies
  • collect data
  • analyze data
  • communicate the research results
A

Research process

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27
Q

standards governing the conduct of a person or members of a profession

A

Ethics

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28
Q

researchers must weigh the costs and benefits of the research they want to conduct in order to benefit society and not harm others

A

Beneficence and nonmaleficence

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29
Q

researchers must be aware that they represent the field and they must exemplify the highest standard

A

fidelity and responsibility

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30
Q

honesty in research

A

integrity

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31
Q

researchers must safeguard confidentiality and protect the rights of volunteer

A

respect for people’s rights

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32
Q

Should contain as few participant costs as possible

A

Human research

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33
Q

Weigh costs for researchers // protect participants and researchers.

Reviews study and offer suggestions and questions

A

IRB (Int. Review Board)

34
Q

Ability to be informed

A

True Volunteers

35
Q

No longer able to make their own decisions
Examples:
Children
Special needs
Elderly
Incarcerated

A

Special Populations

36
Q

When you don’t need consent

A

If observation is completely public behavior
Anonymous questionnaire
Archival data
Class demonstration purposes
Employment related activities

37
Q

Basic research

A

fundamentals of the field

38
Q

Applied research

A

solves real world problems

39
Q

Lab research

A
  • can control environment// high control// less generalizability
  • less mundane realism
  • easier to be ethical
40
Q

Field research

A
  • matches everyday life// less control// more generalizability
  • more mundane realism
  • grey area in consent
41
Q

Quantitative Data

A

numerical data

42
Q

qualitative data

A

verbal summaries

43
Q

Empirical questions

A

Questions that can be measured in some way

44
Q

Operational definition

A

a concept that’s defined by the researcher that will be measured

45
Q

Converging operations

A

studies using different operational definitions converge on a common conclusion

46
Q

Theory

A

logically consistent statements about behavioral phenomenon

47
Q

Good theories…

A
  • productivity: generate new research
  • falsification: attempt to disprove
  • parsimony: remain simple
48
Q

Convenience sample

A

who happen to be most accessible to the researcher

49
Q

non-probability sampling

A

individuals are selected based on non-random criteria, and not every individual has a chance of being included

50
Q

Random sampling

A

every member of the pop. has some definable probability of be selected for the sample

51
Q

population

A

group of something researcher is interested in

52
Q

sample

A

group that is representative of the population which the researcher experiments on

53
Q

Stratified sample

A

dividing the population into subpopulations that may differ in important ways

where one samples specific proportions of individuals from various subpopulations (strata) in the larger population

54
Q

Cluster sample

A

you divide a population into clusters, then randomly select some of these clusters as your sample

55
Q

Reliability

A

lack of measurement error
repeatability & consistency in measurement

56
Q

Measurement error

A

affects performance

57
Q

systemic error

A

make same mistake every time

58
Q

Ways to measure reliability

A

test-retest
alt forms
split half

59
Q

Validity

A

measuring what we intend to measure

60
Q

Content validity

A

whether the test or assessment measures what it is supposed to

61
Q

Criterion validity

A

whether measurement is related to some behavior est by prior research

62
Q

Construct validity

A

Adequacy of operational definition

63
Q

Relationship between reliability and validity

A

Reliability is about the consistency of a measure, and validity is about the accuracy of a measure.

A reliable measurement is not always valid

A valid measurement is usually reliable

64
Q

nominal scale

A

number assignment indicates a catergory
0=women 1=men

65
Q

interval scale

A

equal intervals between events no zero point

temperature
time through years

66
Q

ordinal

A

rankings, in order indicating more or less of something

1st, 2nd, 3rd

67
Q

ratio scale

A

whatever your measure contains a zero point

age
stopwatch time

68
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

description of what the sample is

69
Q

Frequency

A

of times scores occur

70
Q

Which measure of central tendency is preferred

A

Mean; because it contains all the values

71
Q

Variability

A

how spread the data is

72
Q

Histogram

A

frequency distribution

73
Q

Inferential statisitcs

A

Allows us to make generalizations from sample to population

74
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

here is no relationship between the two variables being studied

No difference

75
Q

Alternative Hypothesis

A

states that there is a relationship between the two variables being studied

found difference

76
Q

Type 1 error

A

occurs when a researcher incorrectly rejects a true null hypothesis
findings are significant when in fact they have occurred by chance.

77
Q

Type 2 error

A

occurs when a researcher fails to reject a null hypothesis which is really false
researcher concludes there is not a significant effect, when actually there really is

78
Q

Systemic error

A

identifiable factor that wasnt controlled properly

79
Q

Error variance

A

Non systematic variability due to individual difference

80
Q

Power

A

prob of rejecting hypothesis when it is false

Research methods (7 decks)

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