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Research methods > Chapters 5 and 6 > Flashcards

Chapters 5 and 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Independent Variable

A

variable that you manipulate to see effect on DV

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2
Q

Dependent Variable

A

outcome behavior; measured outcome of experiment

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3
Q

Extraneous Variables

A

Variables that can’t be controlled

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4
Q

Confounding variables

A

Extraneous variables that covaries with the independent variable that could provide alternative explanations for results

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5
Q

Manipulated variable

A

Researchers place participants into conditions

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6
Q

Subject variable

A

Participants are in condition due to pre-existing condition or self-selected into

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7
Q

Statistical conclusion validity

A

Extent to which a researcher uses stats properly and draws appropriate conclusions from statistical analysis

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8
Q

Validity

A

How will a test actually measures what is supposed to measure; accuracy

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9
Q

Construct validity

A

Adequacy of operational definition

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10
Q

External validity

A

Generalizability; degree to which research findings generate beyond specific context of experiment being conducted.

Ex) other populations

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11
Q

Internal validity

A

Methodologically sound; Able to show changes in independent variable causes changes in dependent variable

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12
Q

As Internal validity increases external validity decreases

As external validity increases internal validity decreases

A

True

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13
Q

Threats to internal validity

A

Any conn found such as history or maturation

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14
Q

History

A

Some event occurs between pre-and post test that causes large changes unrelated to treatment progression

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15
Q

Maturation

A

Producing developmental changes

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16
Q

Regression to the mean

A

Extreme scores by chance on first measurement move closer to the average when measured a second time

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17
Q

Testing & instrumentation

A

If pretest and posttest are the same pretest could affect post if you try a different measurement for a post test you may not be measuring the same thing

18
Q

Selection

A

Different selective processes for experiment and control group

19
Q

Selection by maturation

A

group matures at different times

20
Q

Selection by history

A

One event happens to one group but not the other

21
Q

Attrition

A

People who don’t come back; people who remain might be different than the larger group

22
Q

Between subject design

A

Different participants in each condition

23
Q

When to use between subject design

A

Subject variables. Being in one condition negates possibility of being in the other condition

24
Q

How to create equivalent groups for between subject design

A
  • Random equal chance assignment: participants have an equal chance of being placed in a condition
  • Matching/random assignment: pre-test on variable Interest, organize scores in order, matched gets assigned number
25
Q

Within subject design (repeated measures )

A

Same participants in each condition

26
Q

Advantages of within subject design

A

Fewer participants equals greater power because same subject variables are repeated

27
Q

Disadvantages of within subject design

A
  • increases length of time participants in the study (fatigue)
  • Order or sequence: once participant finishes one part of the study it could affect the other part of the study
28
Q

Progressive effects

A

Order doesn’t matter

Ex) fatigue 

29
Q

Carryover effects

A

Having condition a over condition b is different than having condition b then condition a

30
Q

 Counterbalancing

A

Designed to control sequence effects; multiple people do the conditions in different orders

31
Q

Complete counterbalance

A

All possible orders are given

32
Q

Partial counterbalance

A

Each condition occurs in each position an equal amount of times

33
Q

Reverse counterbalance

A

Condition given in one order than the reverse

34
Q

Issues with counterbalancing

A

Hard to illuminate fatigue completely; assumes progressive effect and not order effect

35
Q

Cross Sectional study

A

Between subjects design; compares people at different developmental points and measures each group once

36
Q

Cohort effect

A

Provides alternate explanations for differences in between groups

37
Q

Longitudinal study

A

Within subjects design; group measured multiple times over developmental period 

38
Q

Cohort sequential design

A

One group measured in certain range another group measured where first group left off

39
Q

experimenter bias

A

the experimenter might do something to sway the participant to act a certain way

40
Q

Demand characteristic

A

if participant finds out hypothesis they may act a certain way to confirm it

41
Q

Eval. apprehension

A

participants want to have good eval. so they attempt to behave in a way to get good eval

42
Q

social desirability bias

A

people want to be socially acceptable

Research methods (7 decks)

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