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midterm Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

6 Steps of the scientific method

A

observe, hypothesis, test, data, conclusion, sharing

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2
Q

what is a controlled experiment

A

only 1 variable is changed

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3
Q

constants

A

must remain constant through trials

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4
Q

independent variable

A

what is changing

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5
Q

dependent variable

A

outcome of the change/ what is being effected

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6
Q

diff between hypothesis/theory/law

A

hyp- educated guess based on observation
theory- explains a set of observations
law- can’t be changed

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7
Q

describe an element

A

composed of only one type of atom, all matter is composed of them

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8
Q

describe an atom

A

smallest unit of life, 3 parts = protons, neutrons, electrons

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9
Q

what 4 elements make up 95 % of the body

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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10
Q

describe the atomic structure

A

nucleus has protons and neutrons, electrons are outside the nucleus, atoms have equal amounts of proton and electrons

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11
Q

what kind of charge does an atom have

A

no charge

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12
Q

what is an atomic number

A

number of protons in an atoms nucleus

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13
Q

what does the number of protons equal

A

number of electrons

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

what are the properties of oxygen

A

8 protos
8neutrons
8 electrons

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16
Q

what is an ion and how do they form ionic bonds

A

an ion is an atom that has gained or lost electrons. ionic bonds form between oppositely charged ions

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17
Q

what are isotopes

A

atoms that differ in the number of neutrons they contain

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18
Q

how do electrons contribute to atoms

A

atoms get their properties from there electrons, elctrons are involved in bonding

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19
Q

what is a chemical bond

A

when electrons from two atoms interact with eachother and become conjoined

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20
Q

what is a molecule

A

when two atoms bond ex: o2

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21
Q

compound

A

when different elements combine ex: h2o and co2

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22
Q

what differs in a compound then the elements its made of

A

its properties

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23
Q

what are covalent bonds

A

strongest atoms that share electrons instead of exchanging

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24
Q

what is the diff between nonpolar covalent and polar

A

nonpolar-atoms share electron equally

polar- the atoms dont share equally

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25
Q

what are the 7 properties of water

A

polar, forms hydrogen bonds,cohesion, adhesion, high speific heat, universal solvent, water expands when frozen

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26
Q

which property of water does capillary action take place in

A

adhesion

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27
Q

what elements make up carbs abd what there monomer

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

monosaccharides(simple sugars)

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28
Q

what is the function of monosaccharides

A

broken down atp

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29
Q

what are the parts to lipids

A

glycerol (head) fatty acid (tail/hydrophobic)

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30
Q

what are the function of lipids

A

compose cell memb/ insulation and padding

31
Q

what monomer makes up proteins

A

amino acids

32
Q

what is the function of proteins

A

hormones, immune system, hair skin and nails ENZYMES

33
Q

what are enzymes

A

catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

34
Q

nucleic acid monomer

A

nucleotides

35
Q

what are the 3 parts to a nucleotide

A

1.sugar 2.phosphate 3.nitrogen base

36
Q

what is the function of nucleic acids

A

dna & rna

37
Q

where is dna found in eukaryotes and what is an example of one

A

dna floats in cytoplasm, bacteria

38
Q

what is passive transport

A

no energy, molecules follow the concentration gradient

39
Q

what r the 3 types of passive transport

A

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

40
Q

what is diffusion/ facilitated

A

move through memebrane (facilitated= use protein channels)

41
Q

what is osmosis

A

water moves down concen. gradient

42
Q

what is an isotonic solution

A

= amounts of solute, water flows equally

43
Q

what is hypotonic solution

A

water moves in the cell (cell has more solutes) cell expands

44
Q

what is a hypertonic solution

A

water moves out (more solutes in solution) cell shrinks

45
Q

what are the reactants and products of photosynthesis

A

6co2+ 6h20+ sun= c6h1206+6o2

46
Q

what are the reactants and products of cellular respiration

A

c6h12o6 + 6o2=6co2 + 6h2o + ATP

47
Q

what is the equation for glucose

A

c6h12o6

48
Q

where does cell respir. take place/ what is being done

A

mitochondria/ oxygen is being used to break glucose into ATP

49
Q

what happens if theres no oxygen for an organism

A

fermentation

50
Q

what are the 2 types of fermentation

A

lactid(sore muscles) alcoholic(yeast)

51
Q

how do prokaryotes reproduce

A

asexual, offspring is identically the same

52
Q

what is it called when eukaryotes produce asexually

A

mitosis

53
Q

what is it called when a eukaryote produces sexually

A

meiosis

54
Q

what is the cell cycle used for

A

asexual mitosis

55
Q

what happens in interphase

A

G1, S, G2

56
Q

what happens in mitosis

A

P
Middle
Away
T

57
Q

how do animal cells carry out cytokinesis

A

cell membrane pinches

58
Q

how do plant cells carry out cytokinesis

A

cell plate

59
Q

what 2 things would make a cell genetically differenet and where do they occur

A

crossing over (prophase) indepoendent asortment (M1/A1)

60
Q

what is cancer

A

unregulated cell growth

61
Q

what kind of cells does mitosis start and end with

A

somatic (body)
starts: 1 diploid 2n
ends: 2 diploid 2n
46—–46 & 46

62
Q

what kind of cells does meiosis start and end with

A

gamete (sex)

start: 1 diploid 2n
end: 4 haploid n

63
Q

what happens in m1 and m2 of meiosis

A

homo chromo seperate (crossing over

sister chromatids seperate

64
Q

in a diagram of a nucleotide, what does the nitrogen base tell us

A

whether its dna or rna

65
Q

what is the make up of dna

A

sugar+phosphate= backbone

nitrogen base= middle

66
Q

how is dna made up

A

semi-conservative

67
Q

describe rna

A

single stranded, sugar =ribose, mrna= codons for AA

68
Q

how would a mutation not leave an effect

A

if it codes for the same AA or protein

69
Q

what is the order of transcription and translation

A

transcription first (mrna is made from dna in the nucleus) next translation (mrna is read as codons and trna brings AA ribosomes in the cytoplasm)

70
Q

what 2 microscopes work for living and non living

A

compound light & dissection

71
Q

what 2 microscopes view only nonliving

A

scanning electron & transmission electron

72
Q

what 2 microscopes view 2-d images

A

compond light & transmission electron

73
Q

what 2 microscopes view 3-d images

A

dissection & scanning electron

biology (13 decks)

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