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biology > DNA & RNA > Flashcards

DNA & RNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does DNA do

A

store, copy, transmit genetic info

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2
Q

when does dna replic. take place

A

interphase synthesis

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3
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribo nucleic acid

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4
Q

what phase of the cell cycle would a mistake occur resulting in a GENE mutat.

A

interphase (copy process)

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5
Q

what phase of the cell cycle would a mistake occur reulting in a CHROMOSOMAL mut.

A

anaphase

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6
Q

what is the macromol, monomer, and structure of dna

A

nucleic acid
nucleotide
double helix

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7
Q

what are the 3 parts to a nucleotide

A

5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
phosphate group
nitrogenous base

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8
Q

REMEBER NUCLEOTIDE DIAGRAM

A

REMEBER NUCLEOTIDE DIAGRAM

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9
Q

what are the 4 diff deoxyribose in dna

A

adenine(purine) double ring
thymine(pyrimidine)single ring
cytosine(pyrimidine)single ring
guanine (purine) double ring

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10
Q

describe the double helix

A

2 strands, sugar and phosphate backbone, center= paired nitrogen bases
strands r antiparralel

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11
Q

what connects the nucleotides in dna

A

covalent bonds

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12
Q

what did franklin do

A

used x-ray diffraction, revealed x shape pattern, 1st to describe the 2 strands and nitrogenous base inside

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13
Q

what did watson and crick do

A

built the 1st 3d model of dna, discovered the structure of dna and that its held together by hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

what is complementary base pairing

A

a>t

g>c

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15
Q

what is chargoffs rules

A

amt of T in a smaple, was equal to amount of A. (same for g and c)

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16
Q

what is the 1st stage of dna rep and what enzyme goes with it

A

hydropgen bomds break bases and dna unzips

enzyme- helicase

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17
Q

2ns step of dna rep

A

new nucleotides base pair

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18
Q

how do the nucleotides form again

A

1/2 old + 1/2 new (semi conservitave replication)

19
Q

what is the 3rd step of dna rep and what enzme goes with it

A

dna is proofread enzyme- dna polymerase

20
Q

what is helicase

A

enzme that breaks the hydrogen bond between strands of dna

21
Q

what is dna polymerase

A

proofreads dna

22
Q

what is telomerase

A

builds telomeres

23
Q

how many replication forks do prokaryotes and eukarotes have

A

pro- 1

euk-dozens

24
Q

what r the three types of dna and what do they do

A

mrna- carries dna message from nucleus to ribosome
rrna- makes ribosomes
trna- transfers the aa to the codon chain

25
Q

what is rna made of

A

chain of nucleotides (it directs the production of proteins)

26
Q

what is the central dogma

A

dna>rna>proteins

27
Q

what comes first transcription or translation

A
  1. transcription

2. translation

28
Q

what is transcription

A

-requires rna polymerase

it seperates the dna strands, then assembles nucleotides into a complementary strand

29
Q

what are promoters

A

regions of dna that start specific coding

30
Q

what are gene mutations called and what do they include

A

point mutations- substitutions, insertions, and deletions

31
Q

what do substitutions do

A

one base changes and sometimes have no effect at all

32
Q

what are insertions and deletions

A

(frameshift mutations) change every amino acid that follows the point of mutation

33
Q

chromosomal mutations

A

deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

34
Q

what does deletion do

A

involves the loss of all or part of a chromosome

35
Q

what is a duplication

A

produced an extra copy of all or part of a chromosome

36
Q

what is inversion

A

reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome

37
Q

what is translocation

A

occurs when part of one chromo breaks off and attaches to another

38
Q

what are chemical mutagens

A

pesticides, tobacco, pollution

39
Q

what are physical mutagens

A

radiation

40
Q

is rna single or double stranded

A

single

41
Q

is dna single or double stranded

A

double

42
Q

what is trna

A

trna transfers each aa to the ribosme as its instructed to by the mrna

43
Q

what is translation

A

the decoding of mrna into a protein

biology (13 decks)

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