cell growth and division

Question 1

what are the reasons for cell division?

Answer 1

efficiency, growth, repair, and replacement

Question 2

what kind of cell isnt efficient

Answer 2

large cells

Question 3

where is dna found in prokaryotes

Answer 3

floating in the cytoplasm

Question 4

what’s the word for one single circular chromosome

Answer 4

plasmid

Question 5

where is dna found in the eukaryotes

Answer 5

the nucleus

Question 6

what does dna look like in eukaryotes

Answer 6

rod shaped chromosomes found in pairs

Question 7

what are the 2 types of dna

Answer 7

chromotin and chromosomes

Question 8

describe chromotin

Answer 8

long, stringy dna, it’s not visible and is found in NON dividing cells

Question 9

describe chromosomes

Answer 9

condensed and coiled, it is visible and is found in dividing cells

Question 10

what is the scientific term for a chromosome

Answer 10

homologous chromosomes

Question 11

describe the chromosome structure (similarity)

Answer 11

both chromosomes have the same size, carry the same genes in the same places

Question 12

what is a chromatid

Answer 12

1/2 of a chromosome

Question 13

what holds the chromosome together

Answer 13

centromere

Question 14

characteristics of asexual reproduction?

Answer 14

1 parent and offspring is identical

Question 15

characteristics of sexual reproduction

Answer 15

2 parent cells (gametes), offspring is genetically different

Question 16

describe the prokaryotes way of reproduction

Answer 16

binary fission, it grows, copies dna, then divides

Question 17

example of a prokaryote?

Answer 17

bacteria

Question 18

how do eukaryotic cells reproduce

Answer 18

the cell cycle (grow, dna,divide)

Question 19

what are the 4 stages of the cell cycle?

Answer 19

G1= growth + normal function 
S= copies DNA
G2= more growth + prepares for division 
M= mitosis, cell division

Question 20

what parts of the cell cycle make up interphase

Answer 20

G1
S
G2

Question 21

after interphase comes what? what are the 4 parts of this phase?

Answer 21

mitosis:

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 22

what part of mitosis does cytokinesis take place

Answer 22

anaphase and telophase

Question 23

what is cytokinesis

Answer 23

division of the cytoplasm

Question 24

how many diploid cells does a cell start with, then finish with?

Answer 24

it starts with 1 2n diploid, then ends with 2 2n diploids

Question 25

how does cytokinesis occur in animals?

Answer 25

cytoplasm pinches off

Question 26

how does cytokinesis occur in plant cells?

Answer 26

cell plate

Question 27

what phase of the cell cycle is the cell in for the longest?

Answer 27

interphase

Question 28

describe what a cell looks like in interphase

Answer 28

has a nucleus and nucleolus, normally functioning, and dna is chromotin

Question 29

describe what the cell looks like in prophase

Answer 29

dna condenses and forms visible chromosomes, nucleus breaks down, and SPINDLE fibers form

Question 30

describe a cell in metaphase

Answer 30

chromosomes line up in the middle, centriole splits to the sides

Question 31

describe a cell in anaphase

Answer 31

chromotids separate

Question 32

describe a cell in telophase

Answer 32

chromosomes stretch back to chromatin, 2 nuclei form

Question 33

what is the indent in telophase in an animal cell called

Answer 33

cleavage furrow

Question 34

what are body cells called and are they diploid or haploid

Answer 34

somatic (diploid)

Question 35

what are sex cells called and are they diploid or haploid

Answer 35

gametes (haploid)

Question 36

describe a diploid cell

Answer 36

``` -2n they have 2 copies of every chromosome one chromo comes from each parent 2n=46 ALL IDENTICAL ```

Question 37

describe a haploid cell

Answer 37

-n cells have 1 copy of every chromo n=23 GENETICALLY DIFFERENT

Question 38

how is chromo number restored

Answer 38

through fertilization

Question 39

how many auto some/ sex chromo r in gametes

Answer 39

22 autosomes and 1 sex chromo

Question 40

how many chrom r found in somatic

Answer 40

46 (23 pairs)

Question 41

what is a homologous pair of chromosomes

Answer 41

chromo have the same structure

Question 42

what is autosomal

Answer 42

the traits found on chromo pairs 1-22 (normal traits)

Question 43

which pair is the sex chromo

Answer 43

23rd

Question 44

what do f/m chromo look like

Answer 44

f=xx | m=xy

Question 45

what is a pic of a chromo

Answer 45

karyotype

Question 46

what kind of cells does mitosis start from/make

Answer 46

diploid>diploid

Question 47

what kind of cells does meiosis start from/make

Answer 47

diploid>haploid

Question 48

how does meiosis divide dna

Answer 48

it goes through 2 rounds of cell division but only 1 round of dna replication

Question 49

what is the outcome of meiosis

Answer 49

``` starts= 1 diploid (2n) ends= 4 haploid (n) ```

Question 50

what does meiosis reduce and create

Answer 50

meiosis reduces chromosome number and creates genetic diversity

Question 51

what is it called when the chromosomes line up in a disorganized way

Answer 51

independent assortment

Question 52

what phases involve meiosis one

Answer 52

prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase/cytokinesis 1

Question 53

during meiosis one what separates

Answer 53

homologous pairs

Question 54

during meiosis 2 what separates

Answer 54

sister chromatids

Question 55

what does crossing over allow for

Answer 55

The exchange of genetic material

Question 56

when does the cell go through interphase 1

Answer 56

before meiosis 1

Question 57

describe what happens in prophase 1

Answer 57

chromo form tetrad/pair up *SYNAPSIS* crossing over occurs chromo coil and the nucleus breaks down

Question 58

what happened in metaphase 1

Answer 58

spindle fibers form | homo chromo line up in the center

Question 59

anaphase 1

Answer 59

homo chromo separate towards opp. ends | independent assortment takes place

Question 60

telophase/cytokinesis 1

Answer 60

2 new nuclei reform | 2 new cells

Question 61

what step doesn’t happen on meiosis 2

Answer 61

interphase

Question 62

prophase 2

Answer 62

chromo become visible | nucleus breaks down

Question 63

metaphase 2

Answer 63

chromosomes line up in the center

Question 64

anaphase 2

Answer 64

chromatids seperate

Question 65

telophase/ cytokinesis 2

Answer 65

4 daughter cells produced (haploid cells)

Question 66

what is the production of gametes

Answer 66

gametogenesis