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biology > cell growth and division > Flashcards

cell growth and division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the reasons for cell division?

A

efficiency, growth, repair, and replacement

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2
Q

what kind of cell isnt efficient

A

large cells

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3
Q

where is dna found in prokaryotes

A

floating in the cytoplasm

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4
Q

what’s the word for one single circular chromosome

A

plasmid

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5
Q

where is dna found in the eukaryotes

A

the nucleus

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6
Q

what does dna look like in eukaryotes

A

rod shaped chromosomes found in pairs

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7
Q

what are the 2 types of dna

A

chromotin and chromosomes

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8
Q

describe chromotin

A

long, stringy dna, it’s not visible and is found in NON dividing cells

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9
Q

describe chromosomes

A

condensed and coiled, it is visible and is found in dividing cells

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10
Q

what is the scientific term for a chromosome

A

homologous chromosomes

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11
Q

describe the chromosome structure (similarity)

A

both chromosomes have the same size, carry the same genes in the same places

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12
Q

what is a chromatid

A

1/2 of a chromosome

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13
Q

what holds the chromosome together

A

centromere

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14
Q

characteristics of asexual reproduction?

A

1 parent and offspring is identical

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15
Q

characteristics of sexual reproduction

A

2 parent cells (gametes), offspring is genetically different

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16
Q

describe the prokaryotes way of reproduction

A

binary fission, it grows, copies dna, then divides

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17
Q

example of a prokaryote?

A

bacteria

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18
Q

how do eukaryotic cells reproduce

A

the cell cycle (grow, dna,divide)

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19
Q

what are the 4 stages of the cell cycle?

A 
G1= growth + normal function 
S= copies DNA
G2= more growth + prepares for division 
M= mitosis, cell division
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20
Q

what parts of the cell cycle make up interphase

A

G1
S
G2

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21
Q

after interphase comes what? what are the 4 parts of this phase?

A

mitosis:

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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22
Q

what part of mitosis does cytokinesis take place

A

anaphase and telophase

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23
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm

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24
Q

how many diploid cells does a cell start with, then finish with?

A

it starts with 1 2n diploid, then ends with 2 2n diploids

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25
Q

how does cytokinesis occur in animals?

A

cytoplasm pinches off

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26
Q

how does cytokinesis occur in plant cells?

A

cell plate

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27
Q

what phase of the cell cycle is the cell in for the longest?

A

interphase

28
Q

describe what a cell looks like in interphase

A

has a nucleus and nucleolus, normally functioning, and dna is chromotin

29
Q

describe what the cell looks like in prophase

A

dna condenses and forms visible chromosomes, nucleus breaks down, and SPINDLE fibers form

30
Q

describe a cell in metaphase

A

chromosomes line up in the middle, centriole splits to the sides

31
Q

describe a cell in anaphase

A

chromotids separate

32
Q

describe a cell in telophase

A

chromosomes stretch back to chromatin, 2 nuclei form

33
Q

what is the indent in telophase in an animal cell called

A

cleavage furrow

34
Q

what are body cells called and are they diploid or haploid

A

somatic (diploid)

35
Q

what are sex cells called and are they diploid or haploid

A

gametes (haploid)

36
Q

describe a diploid cell

A 
-2n
they have 2 copies of every chromosome 
one chromo comes from each parent 
2n=46
ALL IDENTICAL
37
Q

describe a haploid cell

A

-n
cells have 1 copy of every chromo
n=23
GENETICALLY DIFFERENT

38
Q

how is chromo number restored

A

through fertilization

39
Q

how many auto some/ sex chromo r in gametes

A

22 autosomes and 1 sex chromo

40
Q

how many chrom r found in somatic

A

46 (23 pairs)

41
Q

what is a homologous pair of chromosomes

A

chromo have the same structure

42
Q

what is autosomal

A

the traits found on chromo pairs 1-22 (normal traits)

43
Q

which pair is the sex chromo

A

23rd

44
Q

what do f/m chromo look like

A

f=xx

m=xy

45
Q

what is a pic of a chromo

A

karyotype

46
Q

what kind of cells does mitosis start from/make

A

diploid>diploid

47
Q

what kind of cells does meiosis start from/make

A

diploid>haploid

48
Q

how does meiosis divide dna

A

it goes through 2 rounds of cell division but only 1 round of dna replication

49
Q

what is the outcome of meiosis

A 
starts= 1 diploid (2n)
ends= 4 haploid (n)
50
Q

what does meiosis reduce and create

A

meiosis reduces chromosome number and creates genetic diversity

51
Q

what is it called when the chromosomes line up in a disorganized way

A

independent assortment

52
Q

what phases involve meiosis one

A

prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase/cytokinesis 1

53
Q

during meiosis one what separates

A

homologous pairs

54
Q

during meiosis 2 what separates

A

sister chromatids

55
Q

what does crossing over allow for

A

The exchange of genetic material

56
Q

when does the cell go through interphase 1

A

before meiosis 1

57
Q

describe what happens in prophase 1

A

chromo form tetrad/pair up SYNAPSIS
crossing over occurs
chromo coil and the nucleus breaks down

58
Q

what happened in metaphase 1

A

spindle fibers form

homo chromo line up in the center

59
Q

anaphase 1

A

homo chromo separate towards opp. ends

independent assortment takes place

60
Q

telophase/cytokinesis 1

A

2 new nuclei reform

2 new cells

61
Q

what step doesn’t happen on meiosis 2

A

interphase

62
Q

prophase 2

A

chromo become visible

nucleus breaks down

63
Q

metaphase 2

A

chromosomes line up in the center

64
Q

anaphase 2

A

chromatids seperate

65
Q

telophase/ cytokinesis 2

A

4 daughter cells produced (haploid cells)

66
Q

what is the production of gametes

A

gametogenesis

biology (13 decks)

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