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FINAL Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Compound Light Microscope

A 
most widely used
Views small, thin samples
Light passes through specimen from below
Magnifies using 2 lenses
Has multiple objective lenses
Can magnify up to 2000x
Specimens are often stained
can view live or dead specimens
2-D image produced
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2
Q

Dissecting Microscope

A 
eyepieces, 1 objective lens 
3-d image
Very LOW magnification
Light source is above the specimen
can view living or dead specimens
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3
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A

Electrons are scanned over the surface of the specimen
Produces 3D images or surface features
Can magnify up to 100,000x
Cannot be used for living specimens

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4
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

Electrons are transmitted through ultra thin slices
Can be used to view internal cell structures
Images are 2 dimensional(2-D)
Can magnify up to 250,000x
cannot be used with living specimens

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5
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane that surrounds nucleus and separates it from cytoplasm

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6
Q

Chromatin

A

Combo of DNA and proteins inside the nucleus

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7
Q

Lysosomes

A

Break down lipids, carbs, and proteins into smaller molecules that can be used by the cell, also break down old organelles that are no longer useful

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8
Q

Cell membrane

A

Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Lipid bilayer, selectively permeable
Transport through membrane can be active or passive

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9
Q

Passive- transport

A

does not require energy. Molecules follow concentration gradient (diffusion, facilitated diffusion)

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10
Q

active transport

A

requires energy. Molecules move against concentration gradient. (transport proteins)

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11
Q

Osmosis

A

the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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12
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Solutions that contain the same amount of solute as the cell. Water moves freely in and out of cell. Cell size remains the same.

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13
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Solutions that contain a higher amount of solute than the cell does. Water moves out of cell, cell size decreases

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14
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Solutions that contain a lower amount of solute than the cell does. Water moves into the cell, causing the cell to swell, and possibly burst.

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15
Q

Meristematic

tissue

A

regions of actively dividing cells
Apical – found at tips of roots, lengthen plant
Lateral – found all along woody roots and stems, thicken plant

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16
Q

dermal tissue

A

Covers outside of plant and protects it

On leaves, some secrete wax that becomes cuticle

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17
Q

ground tissue

A

Makes up inside of plant

Provides support and stores materials in roots and stems

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18
Q

vascular tissue

A

Surrounded by ground tissue
Transports water, minerals, and organic compound
Xylem- carries water
Phloem- carries products of photosynthesis

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19
Q

Vascular cambium

A

ocated inside plant between xylem and phloem, responsible for growth in width, makes “rings” in a tree.

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20
Q

Cork cambium

A

located outside the plant, makes bark, provides protection

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21
Q

Guard cells

A

Surround each stomata, and can open and close by changing shape. Function in photosynthesis(allowing carbon dioxide to enter while open) and transpiration

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22
Q

Stomata

A

Openings in a plant leaf that function in gas exchange during photosynthesis, and water loss during transpiration

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23
Q

Factors that affect blood flow

A

Blood pressure,Blood volume, Resistance, disease, exercise,

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24
Q

Specific immune response

A

Involve lymphocytes or leukocytes

Effective against specific pathogens

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25
Q

Non specific immune response

A

Defense mechanism formed by barriers like skin, chemicals in saliva and perspiration, etc.

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26
Q

what 6 things is the theory of eveolution supported by

A

fossil record, comparitive anatomy,comparitive embryology, biogeography, molecular biology (dna), observable change

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27
Q

3 parts of the homind revolution

A

bipedal movement, tool use, cranial capacity, and jaw structure

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28
Q

domain archea

A

all single celled prokaryotes
Cell walls chemically different
Can survive in extreme environments

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29
Q

domain bacteria

A

All single celled prokaryotes

Largest group

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30
Q

domain eurkarya

A

Organisms with eukaryotic cells

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31
Q

Kingdoms Eubacteria and Archeabacteria

A

unicellular prokaryotes

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32
Q

Kingdom Protista

A

Unicellular, eukaryotic
Ex. Euglena, amoeba
Animal-like, plant-like, and fungus-like
Classified on how they move and obtain nutri

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33
Q

kingdom fungi

A

Most multicellular (unicellular = yeast), eukaryotic
Get nutrients by absorbing organic material
Chitin in their cell walls

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34
Q

Kingdom Plantae

A

Multicellular, eukaryotic
Contain cellulose in their cell wall
Autotrophs (photosynthetic)

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35
Q

Kingdom Animalia

A

Multicellular, eukaryotic
Cells lack a cell wall
heterotrophs

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36
Q

what makes old earth diff from toays earth

A

there was no free oxygen

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37
Q

what did miller and urey do

A

recreate the conditions of early earth to test for organic molecules

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38
Q

what organisms evolved first

A

single celled prokaryotes

39
Q

what added gas tpo the atmosphere

A

photosynthetic organisms

40
Q

4 main principles for natural selection

A

variation, overproduction, adaptation, and descent with modification

41
Q

what is variation

A

Heritable differences that are the basis for natural selection.
Individuals are different because of differences in genetic material

42
Q

what is overproduction

A

Many offspring raises the chance that some will survive, but too many results in competition for resources

43
Q

what is descent with modification

A

Over time, natural selection will result in species with adaptations that are well suited for survival. More individuals in every following generation will have the trait, as long as conditions continue to remain beneficial for that trait.

44
Q

3 Mechanisms that result in evolutionary change

A

genetic drift, gene flow, and non-random mating

45
Q

what is genetic drift

A

Change in allele frequency due to chance, occurring most in small populations

46
Q

what is gene flow

A

The movement of alleles from one population to another

Occurs when individuals move between populations

47
Q

what is nonrandom mating

A

Leads to decreased genetic diversity

48
Q

describe genetic variation

A

Mutations and genetic recombination both cause and increase in genetic variation.

Crossing over during prophase 1 of meiosis, allows for mixing and matching of parts of chromosomes which results in new gene combinations
Mutations give rise to new genotypes

49
Q

mendels segregation law

A

Organisms inherit 2 copies of genes, one from each parent and donate only 1 copy of each gene in their gametes because they separate during gamete formation

50
Q

independent assortment

A

Allele pairs separate from each other during gamete formation

51
Q

what is codominace inheritance

A

Heterozygous genotype that equally expresses the traits from both alleles

52
Q

what is incomplete dominance

A

Heterozygous phenotype that is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes

53
Q

what are multiple allels

A

When there are three or more forms of a gene for a trait. That doesn’t mean that a person can have all three of them. The person still only gets two … it’s just that there are three or more of the alleles in the gene pool that are available.

54
Q

describe sex linked inheritance

A

Sex linked inheritance involves genes located on either the X or the Y chromosome

55
Q

describe polygenic inheritance

A

When a single trait is controlled by 2 or more sets of alleles. Most human traits are polygenically inherited. Examples would be skin and eye color

56
Q

describe dna replication

A

Semi-conservative

Bases in original strand are split and new nucleotides complementary base pair to form 2 new strands.

57
Q

chromosomal mutationsa

A

take place when the number of chromosomes changes or when structural changes occur in the chromosomes
Inversion, duplication, deletion, translocation

58
Q

gene mutations

A

a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene

they can be inherited from a parent or acquired during a person’s lifetime

59
Q

transcription

A

The process of copying a nucleotide sequence of DNA to form a complementary strand of mRNA.
Takes place in the nucleus

60
Q

translation

A

Process by which mRNA is decoded and proteins are made.

Takes place at the ribosome

61
Q

biotechnology

A

The use and application of living things and biological processes.
Benefits
Used to treat disease, grow plants and animals
Risks
Possible long term side effects, ethics, reduced genetic diversity

62
Q

Seminal vesicle

A

Located posterior to the bladder

secrete a significant proportion of the fluid that ultimately becomes semen

63
Q

prostate

A

Located inferior to bladder, surrounds urethra

Secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm

64
Q

vas deferens

A

transports sperm

65
Q

urethra

A

transports urine and semen

66
Q

epididimysis

A

long coiled tube that rests on the backside of each testicle

provides a place for sperm to mature and are combined with seminal fluid

67
Q

scrotum

A

encloses testes

68
Q

where does spem production take place in a male

A

testes

69
Q

site of implanataion in female

A

fallopian tube

70
Q

what are the 3 stages of a developing fetus

A

zygote, embryo, fetus

71
Q

when does the embryo develop

A

1-8 wks

72
Q

describe the first trimester

A

Weeks 1-12
Embryo is most easily damaged during this time
Heart begins beating at 5 weeks
Heart, brain, intestines, pancreas, kidneys and liver are forming
Arms and legs begin to develop
Cerebral hemispheres begin to form
About 3 cm long

73
Q

describe 2nd trimester

A 
Heartbeat can be heard
Joints and bones start to form
Rapid growth of brain
Eyes open and blink
Breathes amniotic fluid, and swallows and makes urine
Mother can feel movement
Fetus is 30 cm long
74
Q

describe 3rd trimester

A

Fetus grow rapidly (7-9 lbs at birth)
Responds to light and sound outside the uterus
Scalp hair grows
Bones are growing and hardening
Fetus turns head down
Lungs complete development in last month
Lungs are underdeveloped in babies born too early

75
Q

what is mitosis/ what does it create

A

The process by which a cell divides its nucleus and contents
Results in 2 identical daughter cells
Cells are diploid

76
Q

4 parts of the cell cycle

A

growth1, synthesis (dna copied), growth2, mitosis, and cytokineis

77
Q

what is interphase

A

growth1, synthesis, g2

78
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down

79
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes, attached to spindle fibers, align alone the center of the cell

80
Q

anaphase

A

chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of cell

81
Q

telophase

A

2 new nuclear membranes begin to reform

82
Q

describe meiosis and what it creates

A

Form of nuclear division that divides diploid cells into haploid cells
Important for forming gametes (sperm and egg)
2 rounds of nuclear division, but only one round of DNA replication (this produces haploid cells)
Results in 4 genetically different haploid cells
Due to crossing over during prophase 1

83
Q

limiting factors

A

Limiting factors are environmental factors that limit the growth and size of a population
(determine carrying capacity)

84
Q

what are the factors that affect organisms

A

chemistry, geography, light, depth of water, salinity of water, and temp of water

85
Q

carbohydrates

A 
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
1:2:1 ration C:H:O
Sugars and starches
Ex. Glucose, cellulose
Monomer= monosaccharides
Function
Broken down for a source of usable chemical energy for cells
Major part of plant cell structure
86
Q

lipids

A

Fats, oils, cholesterol
Made of glycerol bonded to fatty acids (chains of carbon and hydrogen)
Functions
Energy storage, cell structure (cell mem

87
Q

proteins

A

Monomer- Made of amino acids
20 different
Form peptide bonds (polypeptides)
3 parts- hydrogen atom, amino group (NH2), and carboxyl group (COOH)

88
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that change the rate of a chemical reaction
Speed the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy
Catalysts
Temperature and pH can affect the shape and ultimately the function of enzymes

89
Q

nucleic acids

A 
Monomer- Composed of nucleotides
Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
2 types-  
DNA
Stores genetic info
RNA
Makes proteins
Function
Holds the instructions for the entire cell
90
Q

know equation for photosynthesis

A

-

91
Q

describe photosynthesis

A 
Stores energy
Reactants
Carbon dioxide
Water
Products
Glucose
Oxygen
Site
Plant leaf
92
Q

describe cellular respiration

A 
Releases energy
Reactants
Oxygen
Glucose
Products
Carbon dioxide
Water
ATP- used for energy in the cell
Site
Mitochondria
2 types
Aerobic- requires oxygen
Anaerobic- no oxygen required
Lactic acid fermentation, and alcoholic fermentation
93
Q

6 properties of water

A

expands when frozen, hydrogen bonds, high specific heat, cohesion, adhesion, universal solvent

biology (13 decks)

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