Midterm 1 Flashcards
- The extracellular fluid is to the _______ as the intracellular fluid is to the _____ and the plasma is to the _______.
Lake erie - atlantic ocean - olentangy river
Atlantic ocean - olentangy river - lake erie
Atlantic ocean - lake erie - olentangy river
Olentangy river - atlantic ocean - lake erie
Lake erie - atlantic ocean - olentangy river
- The removal of clothing layers to combat warm temperatures is an example of
Negative feedback
Positive feedback
Feedforward feedback
Feedforward
negative feedback
- A homeostatic control system ______ requires energy to maintain a parameter at its set point that _____ change over the course of a lifetime.
Sometimes - cannot
Sometimes - can
Always - cannot
Always - can
always - can
- Allen and Usman both started feeling ill on Monday morning. At lunch, Allen drank a glass of milk with Vitamin D but Usman did not since there were no Oreos handy for dunking. Which is a correct statement about Allen and Usman’s illness?
Usman recovered before Allen
Allen recovered before Usman
Usman hindered the actions of his immune system
Allen aided the actions of his immune system
usman recovered before allen
- Epithelial cells are to ____ as muscle cells are to ____.
Mechanical movement - boundaries
Support - boundaries
Boundaries - mechanical movement
Boundaries - support
Boundaries - mechanical movement
11. In the laboratory, compound X is observed moving through a gap junction. Consequently, the scientist correctly hypothesizes that compound X will \_\_\_\_\_ be able to travel through a tunneling nanotube and \_\_\_\_ through a juxtacrine. Never - never Never - usually Always - never Always - usually
Always - never
- A doctor compares the lipodomes of his patient’s liver and kidney cells and determines that they are vastly different. The doctor correctly concludes that his patent
1) Had those two cell types created by meiosis
2) Does have different genomes in those cells
3) Has liver or kidney disease causing the difference
4) Does have different proteomes in those cells
does have different proteomes in those cells
- A doctor compares the lipodomes of his patient’s liver and kidney cells and determines that they are vastly different. The doctor correctly concludes that his patent
1) Had those two cell types created by mitosis
2) Does have different genomes in those cells
3) Has liver or kidney disease causing the difference
4) Does not have different proteomes in those cells
had those two cell types created by mitosis
- The indirect signals of ____ and ____ can be combined because they both ____.
Neurotransmitter - paracrine - travel short distances
Paracrine - neurotransmitter - are released by a limited number of cells
Endocrine - neurotransmitter - move through the fluid between the cells
All three are correct
neurotransmitter - paracrine - travel short distances
- The indirect signals of ____ and ____ can be combined because they both ____.
Neurotransmitter - paracrine - are released by a limited number of cells
Paracrine - neurotransmitter - move through the fluid between the cells
Endocrine - neurotransmitter - travel long distances
All three statements are correct
paracrine - neurotransmitter - move through the fluid between the cells
- The indirect signals of ____ and ____ can be combined because they both ____.
Neurotransmitter - paracrine - travel short distances
Paracrine - neurotransmitter - move through the fluid between the cells
Endocrine - neurotransmitter - are released by a limited number of cells
All are correct
all are correct
- Proactive is to ___ as reactive is to _____.
Higher energy costs - lower energy cost
Negative feedback - feedforward
Feedforward feedback - positive feedback
Integrator first - receptor first
integrator first - receptor first
- Proactive is to ___ as reactive is to _____.
Higher energy cost - lower energy cost
Feedforward - negative feedback
Feedforward feedback - positive feedback
Receptor first - integrator first
feedforward - negative feedback
- When the value of homeostatically controlled parameter changes, the parameter _____ have moved from its set point and ____not be at equilibrium .
Might not - might
Might not - will definitely
Will definitely - might
Will definitely - will definitely
might not - will definitely
- When our Equation 3 causes a decrease in _____, it also causes an increase in _____.
a. HCO3- - pH
b. H+ - CO2
c. CO2 - HCO3-
d. H2O – HCO3-
all of them
- Which is a correct statement about our equations?
Equation 2 contains equation 1
Water is a product of two of the equations
Of the reaction equations, not all are reversible
All three are correct.
all are correct
- Which is a correct statement about our equations?
Equation 3 contains equation 2
Water is a product of only one of the equations
Of the reaction equations, not all are reversible
All three are correct
of the reaction equations, not all are reversible
- A starving Brutus Buckeye sits down to an unlimited buffet of wolverine sliders. Although it takes several hours, he eventually feels full and stops eating. This situation is best described as being an example of
Feedforward feedback
Negative feedback
Both are correct
Neither are correct
negative feedback
- An accident-prone anatomy student got bit by a spider with a deadly venom that prevents communication between cells via extracellular signals. The student experienced
A prevention of his paracrines from reaching their target cells.
A prevention of his juxtacrines from forming properly
A blocking of his gap junction passageways
All three are correct
a prevention of his paracrine from reaching their target cell
- Flaplord Baggins, an alien from planet Gracknack, invades Earth and attaches humans by injecting Crabix into their blood. Fortunately, the invasion was unsuccessful because, while the Crabix flooded the interstitial fluid, it was unable to reach the cytosol of any cell. Later analysis showed that Crabix
Could not cross the capillary walls
Was not impacted by enzymes in the intracellular fluid
Both are correct
Neither is correct
was not impacted by enzymes in the intracellular fluid
- Flaplord Baggins, an alien from planet Gracknack, invades Earth and attaches humans by injecting Crabix into their blood. Fortunately, the invasion was unsuccessful because, while the Crabix flooded the interstitial fluid, it was unable to reach the cytosol of any cell. Later analysis showed that Crabix
Could cross the capillary walls
Was impacted by enzymes in the intracellular fluid
Both statements are correct
Neither is correct
could cross the capillary walls
- Which is a correct statement about biorhythms?
They exist on different time frames like the annual cycle of hair density.
They are controlled by clocks that are derived from internal processes.
Both statements are correct
Neither is correct
both are correct
- Which is a correct statement about biorhythms?
They exist on different time frames like the annual cycle for hair density
They are controlled by clocks that are derived from external processes
Both are correct
Neither is correct
they exist on different time frames like the annual cycle for hair density
- Great coaching buddies Meyer and Matta are usually inseparable around the OSU campus. However, when they go into the Ohio Union, they typically get swarmed by the Buckeye faithful and quickly get separated. The interaction between these coaches could best be described as
Covalent
Polar
Both are correct
Neither is correct
polar
- Great coaching buddies Meyer and Matta are usually inseparable around the OSU campus. However, when they go into the Ohio Union, they typically get swarmed by the Buckeye faithful and quickly get separated. The interaction between these coaches could best be described as
Noncovalent
Polar
Both are correct
Neither is correct
both are correct
- Shh! The phys Phabs are really the mild-mannered sides of the superheroes (like Clark Kent for Superman). For example, Grace is highly bendable and can elongate herself to grab evil doers quite far away then yanks them back to her original spot. Bobby is amazing at combining up superheroes like Grace with others like her to create networks of evil-doing eliminators. In thinking of these superheroes as proteins in our bodies, we could correctly characterize
Grace as elastin of the extracellular matrix
Bobby as fibronectin with his origin being the fibroblasts
Both are correct
Neither is correct
both are correct
- Shh! The phys Phabs are really the mild-mannered sides of the superheroes (like Clark Kent for Superman). For example, Grace is highly bendable and can elongate herself to grab evil doers quite far away then yanks them back to her original spot. Bobby is amazing at combining up superheroes like Grace with others like her to create networks of evil-doing eliminators. In thinking of these superheroes as proteins in our bodies, we could correctly characterize
Grace as elastin of the intracellular matrix
Bobby as fibronectin with his location being within the fibroblasts
Both are correct
Neither is correct
neither is correct
- Which is a correct statement about Krebs cycle?
It is independent of oxygen to create CO2
It does produce CO2
It only causes the further catabolism of sugars
It occurs in the cytosol
it does produce CO2
- Which is a correct statement about Krebs cycle?
It is dependent on oxygen to create ATP
It does not produce CO2
It only causes the further catabolism of sugars
It occurs in the cytosol
it is dependent on oxygen to create ATP
- Which is a correct statement about Krebs cycle?
It is independent of oxygen to create ATP
It does not produce CO2
It causes the further catabolism of sugars
It occurs in the cytosol
it causes the further catabolism of sugars
- The diffusion rate of compound X across the plasma membrane could be increased if the
Width of the membrane was decreased
Cell’s membrane area was doubled
Polarity of X was changed from polar to nonpolar
All three are correct
all are correct
The diffusion rate of compound X across the plasma membrane could be increased if the
Width of the membrane was increased
Cell’s membrane area was halved
Polarity of X was changed from polar to nonpolar
All three are correct
polarity of x was changed from polar to nonpolar
- In the construction of a normal plasma membrane, which of these trios is correctly ordered from largest to smallest based on the combined mass of the compound?
Phospholipids - cholesterol - proteins
Proteins - phospholipids - cholesterol
Cholesterol - phospholipids - proteins
Cannot be ordered because phospholipids and cholesterol have the same mass
proteins - phospholipids - choesterole
- Which of the following is a function of glycocalyx?
Allow for identification of the integral proteins
Prevent damage to the cell’s plasma membrane
Limit the growth of cells in the cytosol
Regulate the presence of peripheral proteins
prevent damage to cell’s PM
- A cell is present within a solution. Salt is added to that solution causing ____ channels to open.
Leak
Mechanically-gated
Voltage-gated
All three will get opened
voltage gated
- Which is NOT a net product of Krebs cycle?
NAD+
ATP
CO2
All three are products
NAD+
- Amphipathic compounds will interact with and remain associated with
Hydrophilic compounds
Cholesterol
Peripheral proteins
All three of these is correct
all are correct
15.No intracellular fluid but extracellular fluid movement is allowed by ____ junctions that are composed of _____.
Tight - claudins
Tight - cadherins
Desmosome - claudins
Desmosome - cadherins
desmosomes - cadherins
- We need to make adjustments to our Eq. _____ to understand the process of _____.
1 - oxidative phosphorylation
1 - substrate level phosphorylation
2 - oxidative phosphorylation
2 - substrate level phosphorylation
1- substrate level phosphorylation
- Hydrophobic is to ___ as hydrophilic is to______.
Nonpolar - polar
Lipophilic - hydrophobic
Polar - lipophobic
Lipophobic - polar
nonpolar - polar
- Hydrophobic is to ___ as hydrophilic is to______.
Nonpolar- lipophilic
Lipophilic - hydrophobic
Polar - lipophobic
Lipophobic - lipophilic
lipophobic - lipophilic
- The net movement of compounds A and B is toward the plasma membrane and not based on any energy usage by the person. At the plasma membrane, compound A continues moving into the cytosol but compound B does not move into the cytosol. Which is a correct statement about these two compounds?
They might both be small and nonpolar
They might both be ions
Compound A might be hydrophobic while compound B is hydrophilic.
All three statements are correct
all are correct
- Jax, the overly energetic pooch (aka dog), loves to chase his BFFs David and Allen. However, to attend lectures, David and Allen cross the electric fence surrounding Jax’s yard. Jax cannot cross the fence. If we think of this yard as like a cell, then David and Allen are most likely ____ and the fence is most likely like _____.
Sodium and potassium - voltage-gated channel
CO2 and O2 - plasma membrane
Both statements are correct
Neither is correct
CO2 and O2 - plasma membrane
- Brutus Buckeye loves doing experiments in the lab. This week he used a strong detergent to remove all of the integral proteins from a cell’s plasma membrane. Which is a correct statement about the plasma membrane after this treatment?
Reduced number of amphipathic components
There is less movement of water across it
Both statements are correct
Neither is correct
both are correct
- Brutus Buckeye loves doing experiments in the lab. This week he used a strong detergent to remove all of the integral proteins from a cell’s plasma membrane. Which is a correct statement about the plasma membrane after this treatment?
Reduced number of amphipathic components
There is more movement of water across it
Both are correct
Neither is correct
reduced number of amphipathic components
- Brutus Buckeye loves doing experiments in the lab. This week he used a strong detergent to remove all of the integral proteins from a cell’s plasma membrane. Which is a correct statement about the plasma membrane after this treatment?
Increased number of amphipathic components
There is less movement of water across it
Both statements are correct
Neither is correct
there is less movement of water across it
- Brutus Buckeye loves doing experiments in the lab. This week he used a strong detergent to remove all of the integral proteins from a cell’s plasma membrane. Which is a correct statement about the plasma membrane after this treatment?
Increased number of amphipathic components
There is less movement of water across it
Both statements are correct
Neither is correct
there is less movement of water across it
- An enterprising, young physiology student finds a test tube that is correctly labeled “pure phospholipids”. He dumps the tube’s contents into a large beaker containing a lipophilic solution. As he correctly expected, the phospholipids spontaneously form a 3D structure that he correctly states has
The phospholipid’s head pointing outward (i.e. toward the solution)
The phospholipid creating a sandwich like structure with the tails as the “bread”
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
The phospholipid creating a sandwich like structure with the tails as the “bread”
- An enterprising, young physiology student finds a test tube that is correctly labeled “pure phospholipids”. He dumps the tube’s contents into a large beaker containing a lipophilic solution. As he correctly expected, the phospholipids spontaneously form a 3D structure that he correctly states has
The phospholipid’’ head pointing inward ( i.e. away from the solution)
The phospholipids creating a sandwich like structure with the heads as the “bread”
Both are correct
Neither is correct
The phospholipid’’ head pointing inward ( i.e. away from the solution)
- After taking a wrong turn in the depths of the Shoe, great coaching buddies Meyer and Matta find themselves inadvertently locked in a very well-sealed (i.e., no input of fresh oxygen) and small room. After sitting around for a few hours, both are bored and decide to spend their time doing jumping jacks to pass the time. Which is a correct statement about their cell metabolism at this point?
The activity of their electron transport chain is getting reduced
The proportion of ATP created by substrate level phosphorylation is increasing
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
both are correct
- After taking a wrong turn in the depths of the Shoe, great coaching buddies Meyer and Matta find themselves inadvertently locked in a very well-sealed (i.e., no input of fresh oxygen) and small room. After sitting around for a few hours, both are bored and decide to spend their time doing jumping jacks to pass the time. Which is a correct statement about their cell metabolism at this point?
The activity of their electron transport chain is getting increased
The proportion of ATP created by substrate level phosphorylation is decreasing
Both are correct
Neither is correct
neither is correct
- Shh! The Phys Phabs are really the mild-mannered sides of superheroes (like Clark Kent for Superman). For example, at a recent superhero convention, Spencer and his fellow Superheroes was stunned to see through the open window in the convention center that a little old lady was getting mugged by a villain. What must be correct to allow Spencer to reach the lady as quickly as possible?
Widely opened window
Short distance to the crime
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
both are correct
- Shh! The Phys Phabs are really the mild-mannered sides of superheroes (like Clark Kent for Superman). For example, at a recent superhero convention, Spencer and his fellow Superheroes was stunned to see through the open window in the convention center that a little old lady was getting mugged by a villain. What must be correct to allow Spencer to reach the lady as quickly as possible?
Narrow down the window’s opening
Short distance to the crime
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
short distance to the crime
- An accident-prone anatomy student finds herself lost in the boiler room of Independence Hall. She sees a system of pipes that transport fluid between large tanks. She crawls past these pipes to see if there is an exit on the other side of the tanks. If we consider the tanks to be cells held together by junctions, then she is crawling past
Cadherine
Desmosomes
Both are correct
Neither is correct
neither is correct
- An accident-prone anatomy student finds herself lost in the boiler room of Independence Hall. She sees a system of pipes that transport fluid between large tanks. She crawls past these pipes to see if there is an exit on the other side of the tanks. If we consider the tanks to be cells held together by junctions, then she is crawling past
Cadherins
Gap junctions
Both are correct
Neither is correct
gap junctions
- After last week’s failed attempt, Flarplord Baggins tweaked Crabix such that it now can cross the plasma membrane. Once in the cell, Crabix dramatically reduces, without eliminating, ATP production but not altering pyruvate production. Which is a correct statement about this version of Crabix?
It cannot enter the mitochondria
It does not prevent all recycling of NADH
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
it does not prevent all recycling of NADH
An accident prone anatomy student is admitted to the hospital for an injury. Since the medical staff was very busy, the janitor decided to help out by replacing the student’s empty IV bag with a full bag of pure water. After finding out what the janitor had done, the student’s doctor realized the she must act fast because the janitor’s addition of a ____ solution to the student’s blood is causing his red blood cells to ____.
Hypertonic - collapse on themselves (implode)
Hypotonic - collapse on themselves (implode)
Hypertonic - burst/rupture
Hypotonic - burst/rupture
hypotonic - burst/rupture
- The sodium/potassium ATPase pump moves ___ ions into the cell and uses up ___ ATP(s) per one complete cycle.
Less-1
Less-2
More-1
More-2
less - 1
- Which is a correct statement about endocytosis?
It requires both ADP and cholesterol
It increases most growth factor communication
It increases the cell’s surface area
It does not allow for the release of cytokines
it does not allow for release of cytokines
- Which is a correct statement about endocytosis?
It requires both ATP and cholesterol
It increases most growth factor communication
It increases the cell’s surface area
It does allow for the release of cytokines
it requires both ATP and cholesterol
.Which is a correct statement about endocytosis?
It requires both ADP and cholesterol
It decreases most growth factor communication
It increases the cell’s surface area
It does allow for the release of cytokines
it decreases most growth factor communication
- G-proteins are
A heterotrimeric, transmembrane proteins
Created with atleast sigma gamma subunit
Never ion channels
Usually impacted by neurotransmitters
never ion channels
- G-proteins are
A heterotrimeric, transmembrane proteins
Created with at least one sigma subunit
Sometimes ion channels
Not usually impacted by neurotransmitters
not usually impacted by neurotransmitters
- For the creation of a complex with their receptor, nonpolar ligands could be present in the ___ and hydrophobic ligands could be present in the ____.
Cytosol -nucleus
Intracellular fluid - interstitial fluid
Plasma membrane - interstitial fluid
Vesicles - plasma membrane
cytosol - nucleus
- The G-protein ____ be an ion channel. It has ___ part(s) that regularly associate(s) with two other proteins.
Can-three
Can-one
Cannot-three
Cannot-one
cannot - one
- The solution S causes the cells placed within it to lose all of their ATP. Consequently, for cells placed in this solution, their sodium/potassium ATPase pumps ___ be open to the cytosol and glucose ___ be able to enter these cells.
Could not- will
Could- will
Could not- will not
Could- will not
could - will
- Which situation would NOT be a contributing factor to the development of an osmotic pressure?
The cell using up its oxygen supply
The cell being unable to be able to expand due to crowding caused by neighboring cells
The cell closing all of its sodium channels
All 3 situations can be contributors.
the cell using up its oxygen supply
- Which has both of the pair always being transmembrane enzymes that cause our equation 1 to occur?
ATPase pump- tyrosine kinase receptor
JAK kinase -adenylyl cyclase
ATPase pump - chemically gated channel receptor
JAK kinase - plasma membrane effector protein (PMEP)
ATPase pump - tyrosine kinase receptor
- During yesterday’s lunch, you were discussing with your friends the wonders of physiology. To demonstrate your newly acquired knowledge, you decide to determine the osmolarity of your beverage that is 0.5 L of 2 mol glucose, 1 mol NaCl and 2 mol MgCl2. After doing the calculations you correctly state that your beverage has an osmolarity of ___ osm (aka mol/L)
5
2.5
20
10
20
- Shh! The phys Phabs are really the mild mannered sides of superheros. For example, both Mallory and Tom snap into action to rescue a TSUN student is found flailing in the murky waters. Mallory is unable to grab ahold of him while Tom is able to grab him. Consequently, Tom has a
specificity for mallory
different shape and charge from mallory
decreased the saturation of TSUN students
All three statements are correct
different shape and charge from mallory
- Shh! The phys Phabs are really the mild mannered sides of superheros. For example, both Mallory and Tom snap into action to rescue a TSUN student is found flailing in the murky waters. Mallory is unable to grab ahold of him while Tom is able to grab him. Consequently, Tom has a
specificity for the TSUN student
different shape and charge from mallory
increased the saturation of TSUN students
All three statements are correct
all are correct
- GLAST is a transporter protein that moves the amino acids glutamate and aspartate, sodium and hydrogen into the cell while sending potassium out of the cell. This transporter does not catabolize ATP and keeps the concentration of these two amino acids near zero outside of the cell. Consequently, we can correctly state that GLAST
Definitely does not have glutamate bind to it
Can be used as an example of countertransport
Both
Neither
can be used an example of countertransport
- GLAST is a transporter protein that moves the amino acids glutamate and aspartate, sodium and hydrogen into the cell while sending potassium out of the cell. This transporter does not catabolize ATP and keeps the concentration of these two amino acids near zero outside of the cell. Consequently, we can correctly state that GLAST
Definitely has glutamate bind to it
Can be used as an example of cotransport
Both
Neither
definitely has glutamate bind to it
- GLAST is a transporter protein that moves the amino acids glutamate and aspartate, sodium and hydrogen into the cell while sending potassium out of the cell. This transporter does not catabolize ATP and keeps the concentration of these two amino acids near zero outside of the cell. Consequently, we can correctly state that GLAST
Definitely does not have glutamate bind to it
Can be used as an example of cotransport
Both
Neither
neither
- Flarplord Baggins learns that a critical communication for human survival involves a plasma membrane effector protein. Consequently, he correctly redesigns Crabix to disrupt communication by
Causing exocytosis of pathways receptor
Eliminating all of the cells ATP
Both
Neither
neither
- Flarplord Baggins learns that a critical communication for human survival involves a plasma membrane effector protein. Consequently, he correctly redesigns Crabix to disrupt communication by
Causing endocytosis of pathways receptor
Eliminating all of the cell’s GTP
Both statements are correct
Neither
both are correct
- Flarplord Baggins learns that a critical communication for human survival involves a plasma membrane effector protein. Consequently, he correctly redesigns Crabix to disrupt communication by
Causing endocytosis of pathways receptor
Eliminating all of the cell’s ATP
Both statements are correct
Neither
causing endocytosis of pathways receptors
27.Which is correct about primary active transporters?
They are always amphipathic, transmembrane proteins
They always use ATP but only sometimes create a gradient
Both
Neither
both
- Which is correct about primary active transporters?
They are only sometimes amphipathic, transmembrane proteins
They always use ATP and always create a gradient
Both
Neither
neither
27.Which is correct about primary active transporters?
They are always amphipathic, transmembrane proteins
They always use ATP and always create a gradient
Both
Neither
they’re always amphipathic transmembrane proteins
- On an intergalactic trip over the summer, Allen found himself observing a water polo game gone badly wrong in the hotel pool. One alien cut off all seven arms of its rival. However, a 3rd alien quickly swam over and ate all of the parts of the dismembered rival. Compared to the osmolarity of the pool before this incident began, the first alien’s actions ___ the pools osmolarity and the third aliens actions ___ the pools osmolarity?
decreased - did not alter
increased - did not alter
decreased - increased
increased decreased
increased - decreased
- Brutus was saddened to learn that the newborn son of a fellow mascot has GLUT1 deficiency. Consequently, the boy has seizures and impaired neurological development because
Ions are being improperly channeled into his cells
The facilitated diffusion of glucose into his cells is impaired
He cannot actively transport glucose from his digestive tract
All three
the facilitated diffusion of glucose into his cells is impaired
- During their weekly scrabble game, Coach Meyer was stunned when Coach Matta grabs the lead with “imbrutinib” He quickly learns that it covalently binds to Brutus’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) thereby preventing BTK’s use of inorganic phosphate. When all of a cell’s BTKs are bound by ibruntinib ,
The activated second messengers will not be seen in the ICF
The process of glycolysis will be downregulated
Both
Neither
both
- During their weekly scrabble game, Coach Meyer was stunned when Coach Matta grabs the lead with “imbrutinib” He quickly learns that it covalently binds to Brutus’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) thereby preventing BTK’s use of inorganic phosphate. When all of a cell’s BTKs are bound by ibruntinib ,
The activated second messengers will be seen in the intracellular fluid
The process of glycolysis will be up regulated
Both
Neither
neither
- A hypotonic solution is to ___ as a hypertonic solution is to ____.
Low IF osmolarity- high IF osmolarity
Cell contraction- cell expansion
Both
Neither
both
- A hypotonic solution is to ___ as a hypertonic solution is to ____.
High IF osmolarity - low IF osmolarity
Cell contraction- cell expansion
Both
Neither
both
- A hypotonic solution is to ___ as a hypertonic solution is to ____.
High IF osmolarity - low IF osmolarity
Cell expansion - cell contraction
Both
Neither
both
A typical cell has become hyperpolarized. Consequently, on average, there is a ___ amount of ____ on the _____cell.
greater -cations-outside
Greater-anions-outside
Lesser-anions-inside
all three
greater - cations - outside
- A typical cell has become hyperpolarized. Consequently, on average, there is a ___ amount of ____ on the _____cell.
greater -cations-inside
Greater-anions-inside
Lesser-cations-outside
All three
greater - anions - inside
. An action potential ___ a graded potential and always has a ____ amplitude
Is not-singular
is - singular
Is not-variable
Is-variable
is - singular
A typical cell will always have a ___potential present and might never have a ____ potential occur.
Graded-threshold
Graded-graded
Membrane-threshold
Membrane-graded
membrane - threshold
The smallest category of our neurons has its axon ___ information. Our largest neuron category gathers information from the ___ nervous system.
Send and receive - peripheral and central
Receive only- peripheral and central
Send and receive- peripheral only
Receive only-peripheral only
Send and receive - peripheral and central
In a petri dish of dementia impacted neurons. Drug X eliminates the proteins causing the dementia and returns full function to the neurons. Unfortunately, when drug X was injected into the veins of mice suffering from this same type of protein-causing dementia, no improvement at all was seen in the mice. The researchers quickly realized that the effectiveness of drug X was negatively impacted by the actions of the mice’s ___ cells.
Astrocyte and oligodendrocyte
Ependymal and schwann
Astrocyte and microglial
Microglial and dendrite
astrocyte and microglial
Ependymal cells could best be compared correctly to ____ and astrocytes could best be compared correctly to ____.
hungry teenagers-electricians
hungry teenagers-personal assistants
body guards-electricians
Body guards- personal assistants
body guards - personal assistants
On Monday evening, 113 students emailed Dr. Bronson who subsequently emailed 18 students. If each person is considered to be a neuron, then Dr. Bronson would be a __ synaptic neuron participating in __.
Post -divergence
Pre-convergence
Post-convergence
Pre-divergence
post - convergence
15.Compared to chemical synapses, electrical synapses are __ and are used __ often.
Slower-less
Faster-less
slower -more
faster-more
faster - less
Which is a correct statement about a process of a typical neuron?
It does not need to be attached to the cell body
It can only be millimeters long
It cannot receive info
It can send info
it can send info
Which is a correct statement about a process of a typical neuron?
It does not need to be attached to the cell body
It can only be over a meter long
It cannot receive info
It can only send info
it can only be over a meter long
Brutus is not being successful at engaging the crowd at the Schott. He tries to get the to do the wave but can only get a few in a section to rise. They sit back down without causing the whole section to rise. He quickly realizes that his situation is like he is creating a __ potential.
Action potential
Subthreshold potential
Hyperpolarization
All three
subthreshold potential
Brutus is not being successful at engaging the crowd at the Schott. He tries to get the to do the wave but can only get a few in a section to rise. They sit back down without causing the whole section to rise. He quickly realizes that his situation is like he is creating a __ potential.
A. Graded potential B. Threshold potential C. Hyperpolarization D. All three
graded potential
Brutus is not being successful at engaging the crowd at the Schott. He tries to get the to do the wave but can only get a few in a section to rise. They sit back down without causing the whole section to rise. He quickly realizes that his situation is like he is creating a __ potential.
A. Action potential
B. Threshold potential
C. Depolarization
D. All three
depolarization
In a comparison of afferent and efferent neurons, afferents have __ of their cell body in the central nervous system and __ dendrites than the efferents.
More-more
More - less
Less-more
Less-less
less - less
Soon to be marketed local anesthetic works by binding to voltage-gated sodium channels. While still allowing the channels to open and close normally, this anesthetic causes the inactivator to be bent into the blocking position. The area of the patient that has been treated with this anesthetic will
Still experience graded potentials and action potentials
Still experience the opening of the potassium and sodium voltage gated channels
Both
Neither
still experience the opening of the potassium and sodium voltage gated channels
Soon to be marketed local anesthetic works by binding to voltage-gated sodium channels. While still allowing the channels to open and close normally, this anesthetic causes the inactivator to be bent into the blocking position. The area of the patient that has been treated with this anesthetic will
Still experience graded potentials but no action potentials
Still experience the opening of the potassium and sodium voltage gated channels
Both
Neither
both
Soon to be marketed local anesthetic works by binding to voltage-gated sodium channels. While still allowing the channels to open and close normally, this anesthetic causes the inactivator to be bent into the blocking position. The area of the patient that has been treated with this anesthetic will
Still experience graded potentials and action potentials
Still experience the opening of the potassium but not of the sodium voltage-gated channels
Both
Neither
neither
An accident-prone anatomy student finds herself infected with a virus that has successfully gained access to the cell bodies of efferent neurons. Which is a correct statement about the infected student?
Her microglia near the infected efferents will look more round than spikey
Her CSF must have had the free virus within it
Both
Neither
her microglia near the infected efferents will look more round than spikey
An accident-prone anatomy student finds herself infected with a virus that has successfully gained access to the cell bodies of efferent neurons. Which is a correct statement about the infected student?
Her microglia near the infected efferents will look more spikey than round
Her CSF might never have had the free virus within it
Both
Neither
her CSF might never have had the free virus within it
it could’ve come in through the afferent neurons
An accident-prone anatomy student finds herself infected with a virus that has successfully gained access to the cell bodies of efferent neurons. Which is a correct statement about the infected student?
Her microglia near the infected efferents will look more round than spikey
Her CSF might never have had the free virus within it
Both
neither
both
To plan his next improvement of Crabix, Flarplord Baggins considered the normal diffusion of calcium ions into a cell when their channels open. He correctly states that, as the calcium enter a cell,
The cell is losing potential energy
The impact of the calcium movement would be less than the impact of a similar amount of sodium
An inhibitory stimulus will be generated
All three
the cell is losing potential energy
because gradient is getting smaller
To plan his next improvement of Crabix, Flarplord Baggins considered the normal diffusion of calcium ions into a cell when their channels open. He correctly states that, as the calcium enter a cell,
The cell is gaining potential energy
The impact of the calcium movement would be greater than the impact of a similar amount of sodium
An inhibitory stimulus will be generated
All three
The impact of the calcium movement would be greater than the impact of a similar amount of sodium
Shh! The phys phabs are really mild-mannered sides of superheroes. Wonder-Womanesque Phys Phab Cathy has these really cool bracelets that disrupt the villain’s electrical messages. Her bracelets might work by causing the villain’s
Excitable cells to be hyperpolarized
V-gated potassium channels to be unable to open
Both
Neither
VG K channels to be unable to open
29.Shh! The phys phabs are really mild-mannered sides of superheroes. Wonder-Womanesque Phys Phab Cathy has these really cool bracelets that disrupt the villain’s electrical messages. Her bracelets might work by causing the villain’s
Excitable cells to be hypopolarized
Chemically-gated potassium channels to be unable to open
Both
Neither
neither
ATP synthase is the transporter associated with the electron transport chain that creates ATP by allowing protons (H+) to move through the transporter with their electrochemical gradient. Consequently, we correctly know that the movement of the protons is toward the area with a
Greater negative charge
Greater pH
Both
Neither
both
ATP synthase is the transporter associated with the electron transport chain that creates ATP by allowing protons (H+) to move through the transporter with their electrochemical gradient. Consequently, we correctly know that the movement of the protons is toward the area with a
Greater positive charge
Greater pH
Both
Neither
greater pH
Which is a correct statement about action potentials?
The actions of the sodium cause positive feedback
The sodium channels’ closing and potassium channels opening is simultaneous
Both
Neither
the actions of the Na cause positive feedback
Which is a correct statement about action potentials?
The actions of the potassium cause positive feedback
The sodium channels’ closing and potassium channels opening is not simultaneous
Both
Neither
The sodium channels’ closing and potassium channels opening is not simultaneous
Which is a correct statement about action potentials?
The actions of the sodium cause positive feedback
The sodium channels’ closing and potassium channels opening is not simultaneous
Both
Neither
both
Coaches Meyer and Matta are both recruiting the same athlete. Unfortunately, during the athlete’s physical it is determined that he has been altered so, while still distributed like potassium, all of the athlete’s potassium has been replaced by compound Q which has no charge associated with it. The coaches correctly realize that when channels for Q are opened in a typical cell, Compound Q will
Move out of a cell
Move into a cell
Both
Direction cannot be determined
move out of the cell
A neuron’s membrane potential is critical to its successful function as ____ synaptic neuron because of the need for calcium to enter this neuron.
A pre
A post
Either pre or post
Neither pre nor post
pre
Neuron B is a presynaptic neuron for Neuron C and a postsynaptic neuron for Neuron A. While Neuron A creates EPSPs, Neuron B creates IPSPs. If we polarize the axon of Neuron A, then we will ___ the likelihood of threshold potentials in Neuron C.
Hyper-decrease
Re-decrease
Hyper-increase
Re-increase
hyper - increase
Neuron B is a presynaptic neuron for Neuron C and a postsynaptic neuron for Neuron A. While Neuron A creates EPSPs, Neuron B creates IPSPs. If we polarize the axon of Neuron A, then we will ___ the likelihood of threshold potentials in Neuron C.
Hypo-decrease
De-decrease
Hypo-increase
De-increase
de - decrease
The hypothalamus is a more recent addition to our brain than the ___ and impacts our ___ levels.
Basal nuclei - endocrine
Pons - endocrine
Basal nuclei - motor activity
Pons - motor activity
pons - endocrine
The amygdala is composed mostly of gray matter and is found close to the basal nuclei. It functions in memory, decision making, and emotional reactions. Based on this information, we can correctly determine that the amygdala
Is functionally similar to the cerebral cortex
Consist mainly of ganglia
Is a part of the brainstem
Has long and very quick axons
is functionally similar to the cerebral cortex
The amygdala is composed mostly of gray matter and is found close to the basal nuclei. It functions in memory, decision making, and emotional reactions. Based on this information, we can correctly determine that the amygdala
Is functionally similar to the cerebellum
Consist mainly of ganglia
Is a part of the forebrain
Has long and very quick axons
is a part of the forebrain
Serotonin is a __ and will impact the individual’s __.
Biogenic amine - mood
Neuropeptide - mood
Biogenic amine - gland
control
Neuropeptide - gland control
biogenic amine - mood
If the corpus callosum were temporarily hyperpolarized, then communication ___ would be immediately impacted.
Within the cerebellum
Within the cerebrum
Between the cerebrum and diencephalon
Between the cerebrum and cerebellum
with the cerebrum
While studying for this exam, you suddenly jumped out of your seat at thompson. You then realized that you thought you had felt a spider landing on your bare shoulder. You laugh at your mistake and correctly realize that your jumping was caused by your
Thalamus
Diencephalon
Forebrain
All three are correct
all three are correct
While studying for this exam, you suddenly jumped out of your seat at thompson. You then realized that you thought you had felt a spider landing on your bare shoulder. You laugh at your mistake and correctly realize that your jumping was caused by your
Hypohalamus
Midbrain
Forebrain
All three are correct
forebrain
While studying for this exam, you suddenly jumped out of your seat at thompson. You then realized that you thought you had felt a spider landing on your bare shoulder. You laugh at your mistake and correctly realize that your jumping was caused by your
Thalamus
Midbrain
Brainstem
All three are correct
thalamus
If the reflex arc’s efferent pathway contains one axon in the PNS, then the response could be
An increased heart rate
An involuntary muscle contraction
A movement of a joint
All all of these responses are possible
a movement of a joint
If all of a person’s postganglionic synapses used the same neurotransmitter, then the communication process would be ___. In the normal state, a person’s preganglionic, parasympathetic neurons have ___ axons than the postganglionic axons.
Abnormal - longer
Abnormal - shorter
Normal - shorter
Normal - longer
abnormal - longer
Allen and David become furious with Alex after he spills coffee on the podium and causes the CarmenConnect feed to be lost for the room. Consequently, they simultaneously punch Alex. The delivery of these punches are best described as most similar to ____ summation
Syntopic
Spatial
Temporal
Cerebral
spatial
While on a secret visit to OSU to talk to your Phys Phabs, Peter Parker injured his nervous system while crossing the Oval. Fortunately, he can still kick and punch villains but he has lost his “spider senses”(tingly feeling)/ which is a correct possible explanation of this condition?
In his arms, he instantaneously lost all of the oligodendrocytes surrounding his afferent neurons
He did damage the dorsal axons of his cerebral cortex
Both explanations are correct
Neither explanation is correct
neither is correct
A typical and normally healthy physiology student develops a headache and drinks a large glass of water to eliminate the headache. Which is a correct statement about this activity?
Prior to the ingestion of the water, the student’s ventricles had too much water within them
To accomplish the drinking, only the student’s cerebellum and cerebrum were required.
The efferent neurons that controlled the student’s muscles came from the ventral part of the spine
All three statements are correct about this activity
The efferent neurons that controlled the student’s muscles came from the ventral part of the spine
A typical and normally healthy physiology student develops a headache and drinks a large glass of water to eliminate the headache. Which is a correct statement about this activity?
Prior to the ingestion of the water, the student’s ventricles did not have enough water within them
To accomplish the drinking, only the student’s cerebellum and cerebrum were required.
The efferent neurons that controlled the student’s muscles came from the dorsal part of the spine
All three statements are correct about this activity
Prior to the ingestion of the water, the student’s ventricles did not have enough water within them
The somatic nervous system is to ___ as the autonomic nervous system is to ____.
One neuron - excites and inhibits
Digestive tract - cardiac muscle
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
one neuron - excites and inhibits
The somatic nervous system is to ___ as the autonomic nervous system is to ____.
One neuron - excites and inhibits
Skeletal muscle - cardiac muscle
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
both are correc
The somatic nervous system is to ___ as the autonomic nervous system is to ____.
Two neurons - excites and inhibits
Digestive tract - cardiac muscle
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
neither is correct
The accident-prone anatomy student intends to drink his water during lab but instead drinks a concoction that causes all of the myelin to be removed from the axon of one of this neurons.
This neuron will
Not be able to have graded potentials
Be able to have action potentials
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
be able to have AP
During the propagation of an action potential through your right forearm,
The signal will move faster if the axon is myelinated
When moving along a myelinated axon, the signal strength remains consistent (not decreasing)
Saltatory conduction is occurring between the oligodendrocytes
All three statements are correct about this propagation
the signal will move faster if the axon is myelinated
During the propagation of an action potential through your right forearm,
The signal will move more slowly if the axon is myelinated
When moving along a myelinated axon, the signal strength remains consistent (e.g., not decreasing)
Saltatory conduction is occurring between the Schwann cells
All three statements are correct about this propagation
Saltatory conduction is occurring between the Schwann cells
Flarplord Baggins attempts to re-design Crabix to now prevent efferent communication. He failed miserably because
Crabix will now attempt to impact the postganglionic, sympathetic neuron
Crabix acts to cause the exocytosis of acetylcholine receptors
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Crabix acts to cause the exocytosis of acetylcholine receptors
Flarplord Baggins attempts to re-design Crabix to now prevent efferent communication. He failed miserably because
Crabix will now attempt to impact the postganglionic, sympathetic neuron
Crabix acts to cause the endocytosis of acetylcholine receptors
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
neither is correct
Shh! The Phys Phabs are really the mild-mannered sides of superheros like Clark Kent for Superman. David (C) is able to disable villains by eliminating their somatic pathways. Last night, he startled a dastardly duo who were eating a pizza that had taken from a starving OSU student. During the trip to the police station, David correctly told them that
When they saw him coming to catch them, the ganglia furthest from their spines increased in activity
While eating the pizza the epinephrine levels in their blood was increasing
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
neither is correct
After a very stressful period of studying for examination, you decide to take a class to help yourself relax. Which is a correct physiological response caused by meditation?
Relaxation of bronchioles
Decreased rate of digestion
Increased size of the pupils
Less blood flow throughout the body
less blood flow through the body
After a very stressful period of studying for examination, you decide to take class to help yourself relax. Which is a correct physiological response caused by meditation?
contraction of bronchioles
Decreased rate of digestion
Increased size of the pupils
More blood flow throughout the body
contraction of bronchioles
QP, the curious cat, can hear sounds two octaves higher than her human owner, therefore, QP likely has more ____-gated potassium channels near the ___ of the cochlea when compared to her human owner.
Voltage - base
Voltage - apex
Mechanically - base
Mechanically - apex
mechanically - base
The sensory nervous system primarily utilizes _____ neurons and detects _____ changes.
Afferent - only external
Afferent - external and internal
Efferent - only external
Efferent - external and internal
afferent - external and internal
For a stereocilia’’ information to be sent to the CNS, the correct and immediately adjacent order of involvement in the process is
Potassium - neurotransmitter - sodium
Potassium - calcium - neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter - potassium - sodium
Calcium - potassium - neurotransmitter
postassium - calcium - neurotransmitter
Lateral inhibition decreases the strength of ___ potentials in neighboring neurons to ___ the contrast between the neurons
Graded - diminish
Action - diminish
Graded - sharpen
Action - sharpen
graded - sharpen
The visual system primarily responds to the ___ of ___ waves.
Modality - pressure
Modality - electromagnetic
Adequacy - pressure
Adequacy -
electromagnetic
modality - electromagnetic
Nociceptors most typically are ___ that are the ___ method to transfer the message to the CNS.
Afferent neurons - slower
Afferent neurons - faster
Highly modified receptor cells - slower
Highly modified receptor cells - faster
afferent neurons - faster
Retinitis pigmentosa is the leading cause of inherited blindness. A gene mutation causes the deterioration of first rods and then cones. Consequently , patients with this condition most typically experience the loss of ___ vision first as they lose the function in their ___ receptors.
Black and white - large
Color - large
Black and white - small
Color - small
black and white - large
When compound X is administered to you, your smallest, left finger suddenly feels to be 30 degrees warmer. You correctly realize that X could be
Increasing graded potential sizes in the finger
Decreasing afferent activity in the finger
Not be an agonist within the brain
Impacting receptor cells before the efferents
increasing graded potential sizes in the finger
When compound X is administered to you, your smallest, left finger suddenly feels to be 30 degrees warmer. You correctly realize that X could be
decreasing graded potential sizes in the finger
Decreasing afferent activity in the finger
be an agonist within the brain
Impacting receptor cells before the efferents
be an agonist within the brain
While obviously missing external auditory canals, brutus otherwise matches humans in all other components of the ear. Therefore, to correctly accomplish the cheers throughout a game, he is continually sending information from these human-like components to ___distinct endpoints in his CNS and that information is gathered via ___ distinct receptor types.
2 - 1
2 -2
1 -1
1 -2
2-1
Which is a correct statement about the somatosensory system?
It does not utilize receptor cells before the afferent neurons
It is a component of the proprioception system
Its input is spatially organized in the cerebellum
It will not be able to detect some pressure waves in the air
it does not utilize receptor cells before the afferent neurons
Flarplord Baggins has redesigned Crabix to prevent humans from hearing him. He is actually successful in causing temporary deafness but fails because of his noon attack. To create deafness, Crabix could
Be an antagonist for the potassium channels of the stereocilia
Be present in the interstitial fluid in the stereocilia and change the membrane potential of the cochlea
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
neither is correct
Be present in the interstitial fluid in the cochlea and change the membrane potential of the stereo cilia would be right
The accident-prone anatomy student banged his knee on a gurney in the dissection lab. Rubbing his wounded knee relieved the pain. A fellow anatomy student who is also in this course correctly told him that the inhibition of his knee’’ afferent neurons was initially caused by ___ neurons and then later was caused by ____ neurons
Afferent - afferent
Afferent - efferent
Efferent - efferent
All three are correct
afferent - efferent
Which is a correct statement about the sensory nervous system?
The homunculus proportionally matches the number of receptive fields in a body part
Larger receptive fields will lead to an increase in sensitivity
Both are correct
Neither are correct
The homunculus proportionally matches the number of receptive fields in a body part
Which is a correct statement about the sensory nervous system?
The homunculus proportionally matches the number of receptive fields in a body part
Larger receptive fields will lead to an decrease in sensitivity
Both are correct
Neither are correct
both are correct
After a particularly rough week, Coaches Meyer and Matta find themselves comparing injuries that they incurred this week. Coach Meyer punctured his finger with an overly sharp cleat. Coach Matta has a bruised upper back from an elbow in a rebounding drill. Which is a correct statement about this injuries?
The intensity of these two injuries was likely not equal and created identical sized action potentials in the two coaches
Even if Coach Matta’s injury was larger in size, Coach Meyer likely has more afferents activated
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
both are correct
After a particularly rough week, Coaches Meyer and Matta find themselves comparing injuries that they incurred this week. Coach Meyer punctured his finger with an overly sharp cleat. Coach Matta has a bruised upper back from an elbow in a rebounding drill. Which is a correct statement about this injuries?
The intensity of these two injuries was likely not equal and created differently sized action potentials in the two coaches
Even if Coach Matta’s injury was larger in size, Coach Meyer likely has less afferents activated
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
neither is correct
The sympathetic nervous system is to ___ as the parasympathetic nervous system is to ___.
Contracted pupils - increased gut motility
Relaxed bronchioles - decreased heart rate
Both are correct
Neither is correct
relaxed brochioles - decreased heart rate
Nocturnal animals are active primarily at night and sleep during the day. Compared to humans, one of these animals would most likely have
More of the smaller type of photoreceptor
Pupils that are more typically dilated
Both are correct
Neither is correct
pupils are more typically dilated
Nocturnal animals are active primarily at night and sleep during the day. Compared to humans, one of these animals would most likely have
fewer of the smaller type of photoreceptor
Pupils that are more typically dilated
Both are correct
Neither is correct
both are correct
Shh. the Phys Phabs are really the mild-mannered sides of superheros (like Clark Kent for Superman). Unfortunately, Jay is red-green colorblind so accidently mistakes the Scarlet Shannon for the green Goblin as she was returning the stolen backpack of an unfortunate student on the Oval. After she fends off his amazing speed with her sharp toenails, she correctly reminds him that he likely
Does have an antagonist causing his visual problem
Does not have a different number of cones than her
Both are correct
Neither is correct
does not have a different number of cones than her
Shh. the Phys Phabs are really the mild-mannered sides of superheros (like Clark Kent for Superman). Unfortunately, Jay is red-green colorblind so accidently mistakes the Scarlet Shannon for the green Goblin as she was returning the stolen backpack of an unfortunate student on the Oval. After she fends off his amazing speed with her sharp toenails, she correctly reminds him that he likely
Does not have an antagonist causing his visual problem
Does have a different number of cones than her
Both are correct
Neither is correct
Does not have an antagonist causing his visual problem
