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Physiology > Exam 11: April 3-7 > Flashcards

Exam 11: April 3-7 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a P wave?

A

atrial depolarization part of EKG

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2
Q

what is a QRS complex?

A

ventricular depolarization part of EKG

obscures atrial repolarization

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3
Q

what is a T wave?

A

ventricular repolarization

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4
Q

what sound should your heart make?

A

lub dub

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5
Q

when does the lub sound happen? what is it?

A

happens right after QRS complex

it’s the cuspids closing

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6
Q

what is the dub sound? when does it happen?

A

happens right after T wave

it’s the semilunars closing

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7
Q

what causes the heart to squeeze?

A

squeeze is happening by myocardial cells squeezing

it’s no different than squeezing/contraction of skeletal muscle biceps so your heart doesn’t make any sounds either

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8
Q

what is the cause of the sound of your heart beat?

A

it’s the one way valves

when you get a big force to slam a door you get a big sound

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9
Q

what is happening during the QRS complex?

A

QRS is the squeeze of ventricles

we don’t want the blood to go back into the atria so the tricuspid and bicuspid valves close

(when ventricles squeeze you want the blood to go from LV to aorta – in our RV you want the blood to go to pulmonary artery)

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10
Q

what happens in the left ventricle during QRS complex?

A

when ventricles squeeze you want the blood to go from LV to aorta

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11
Q

what happens in the right ventricle during QRS complex?

A

in our RV you want the blood to go to pulmonary artery

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12
Q

what happens during the t wave?

A

it’s the relaxation of ventricles so the blood is in the aorta, in the pulmonary artery

you want the blood to continue on to the body so the semilunar valve closes

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13
Q

what does it mean if your heart has a murmur?

A

you don’t want to heard a shh/murmur when listening to the heart because that means the valves aren’t closing properly and you’re getting backflow happening = murmur

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14
Q

what does lub shh dub mean?

A

it means blood is going back into atria so it’s a problem with cuspid

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15
Q

what does lub dub shh mean?

A

problem with semilunar valve

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16
Q

how do things move with respect to pressure?

A

things move from high to low pressure

we create convective flow because we can’t rely on diffusion

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17
Q

what causes blood pressure?

A

BP is due to space contraction

the heart does a 3D squeeze

atria gets squeeze to go down while ventricles get squeeze to go up so you can direct pressure in whatever way it needs to go

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18
Q

what’s the relationship between P and V?

A

PV = nRT

we want to change the volume of the space so pressure has to change too

P = (nRT)/V = c/V so you have an inverse relationship between P and V

as volume gets smaller, pressure increases

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19
Q

what are the two phases in a stroke?

A

systole and disatole

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20
Q

what is the systole phase?

A

contraction to empty/send blood out

1/3 of the time

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21
Q

what is the diastole phase?

A

relaxation to fill

2/3 of the time

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22
Q

what is a stroke?

A

it’s one cycle

one systolic and one diastolic phase

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23
Q

what is the end diastolic volume?

A

pre-contraction

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24
Q

what is end systolic volume?

A

post-contraction

she dumped water on the stage

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25
Q

how do you know how much blood gets pumped out of the heart each stroke?

A

end diastolic - end systolic

take the maximum volume of end diastolic - minimum volume at the end of the squeeze which is end systolic

blood goes out into your vessels and mingles with the rest of the blood in your body so you can’t tell how much left but you can tell how much blood was in the heart before and after contraction and you can take the difference between the two

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26
Q

what is the maximum volume of the heart?

A

135 mL

end diastolic volume

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27
Q

what is the minimum volume of the heart?

A

65 mL

end systolic volume

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28
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

how much you get out of the heart in one stroke

SV

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29
Q

what is heart rate?

A

strokes per minute

or

cycles per minute

HR

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30
Q

what is the formula for cardiac output?

A

multiple stroke volume x number of times you do that process

SV x HR

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31
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

SV x HR

the overall amount that gets dumped out is a combination of how much is going out and how many times did you do it

4.9 L /minute which is pretty efficient even though only half of blood leaves every time you pump

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32
Q

what are the two ways to regulate cardiac output?

A

heart rate or stroke volume

or

EDV or ESV

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33
Q

what happens to SV if you change HR?

A

they’re relatively independent

you can regulate those two things separate of each other

you can keep HR the same and change SV up or down or vice versa

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34
Q

what impacts heart rate?

A

1) autonomic nervous system
2) epinephrine
3) body temperature
4) electrolytes
5) endocrines

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35
Q

what controls heart rate?

A

autonomic nervous system

we have a base line of 70 bpm but SNV will make it higher while PNS will make it lower

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36
Q

how does the autonomic nervous system impact heart rate?

A

1) ANS can give input to SA nodded increase or decrease heart rate

SNS will increase HR

PNS will decrease HR

2) ANS can also change conduction velocity

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37
Q

how does the autonomic nervous system change conduction velocity?

A

if we get things moving faster, and have atrial cells pass signals on faster then we can shorten the amount of time it takes to do a cycle so that the HR can go up

need to increase AP frequency to do this

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38
Q

how does epinephrine impact heart rate?

A

epinephrine put in by SNV gets cardiac output to go up by impacting HR

this is why you use epi in the ER room if someone’s heart isn’t working right

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39
Q

how does body temperature impact heart rate?

A

if you get too high or low of temperature, the HR will increase in both cases

there is a dive reflex though when you get too low of a temperature then your body will drop your HR

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40
Q

how do electrolytes impact heart rate?

A

HR depends on AP so you need Na and K for AP to work

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41
Q

how do endocrines impact heart rate?

A

when we fall in love your heart pitter patters”

especially happens with sex endocrines

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42
Q

in what ways can you regulate stroke volume?

A

1) increase end diastolic volume
2) arterial pressure
3) sympathetic nervous system

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43
Q

how does increasing end diastolic volume effect stroke volume?

A

end diastolic volume = largest volume because it’s the end of the relaxation

aka how much you fill the heart up

if the EDV is bigger you get an increased contraction force when stretched a little

filling the heart a little more gets us a better contraction

stretching increases potential for CBC

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44
Q

what happens if the end diastolic volume is increased too much?

A

you stretch your skeletal muscles before you exercise because you need myosin and actin to pull against each other

when you stretch you make sure they line up again so what you see when you do stretch of the heart, you stretch myocardial cells and straighten out myosin/actin

you can’t stretch too much because then you’ll separate myosin and actin and if that happens, there’s not CBC

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45
Q

what happens to ESV if EDV increases?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

increasing EDV means ESV decreases

both of these helps SV to be bigger

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46
Q

what is congestive heart failure?

A

when your heart is stretched too far and then their CBC doesn’t work

decreased force when too much stretch though because that’ll eliminate CBC

we want to fill heart a little bit more but not too much because then we’ll get rid of CBC – you hit a threshold basically

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47
Q

can your heart recover from over stretching/having too high of EDV?

A

yes

you can’t so easily relax your heart and let it be able to recover if you over stretch it

but now we’re figuring out that you just have to give it enough time off so that all its proteins can realign

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48
Q

what did avalon do during lecture?

A

she demonstrated arterial pressure by pushing a chair with bronson in it

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49
Q

what is arterial pressure?

A

heart moves the blood out

the heart moves blood out by creating pressure

more pressure in the arteries means the heart has more to push against which is harder for it

if there’s too much pressure outside of the heart, the heart won’t be able to do its job

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50
Q

what do the ventricles do with blood? what does it make?

A

they eject blood into arteries

there’s a pressure gradient that we have to create enough pressure in the heart that’s bigger than the pressure gradient in the arteries so that we can send the blood out

pressure gradient in arteries creates resistance

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51
Q

what does increased arterial pressure do to stroke volume?

A

there will be no change in EDV but ESV will increase

this means that overall, SV decreases because we’ll have more blood left in the heart

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52
Q

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on stroke volume?

A

NE/Epi from SNV causes a better squeeze regardless of starting EDV = will increase contraction force regardless of EDV

if you squeeze better you get smaller ESV which means bigger SV

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53
Q

what are all blood vessels lined with?

A

endothelial cells

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54
Q

what do endothelial cells do?

A

endothelial cells like all blood vessels

they act as separation between plasma and interstitial fluid compartments

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55
Q

what do arteries do?

A

they carry blood away from the heart

do NOT say they always carry oxygenated blood because the pulmonary artery carrier deoxygenated blood

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56
Q

why are arteries elastic?

A

you need flexibility/elasticity of arteries to get continuous flow

we need arteries to be elastic so that they give when a big amount of blood comes from the heart and recover when the heart isn’t doing anything so that there’s a continuous flow rather than flow/no flow throughout a heart beat

during no flow the cells don’t get oxygen or glucose so you want a continuous flow

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57
Q

what’s wrapped around arteries? what does it do?

A

smooth muscle

smooth muscles does not to participate in elasticity component but rather adjusting the size of the vessel which comes into play with PV=nRT to change blood pressure coming through vessels

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58
Q

how much hydrostatic pressure do arteries have?

A

arties have the highest level of hydrostatic pressure of any of our vessels!

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59
Q

what is blood pressure?

A

the amount of flow

the amount of convective flow to push blood out to the body

60
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure?

A

vessels are needed to control movement of fluid because fluid doesn’t always want to go in the path that it does and the fluid pushes against the walls of the vessels aka hydrostatic pressure

body gets blood in the systolic phase of the blood and the walls need to expand because of the hydrostatic pressure pushing against them

61
Q

when does the body get blood? what effect does this have on hydrostatic pressure in vessels?

A

body gets blood in the systolic phase of the blood and the walls need to expand because of the hydrostatic pressure pushing against them

62
Q

what’s the relationship between blood pressure and hydrostatic pressure?

A

direct relationship

the bigger the blood pressure the bigger the hydrostatic pressure

63
Q

how can you lower hydrostatic pressure?

A

the more surface area for the vessel wall, the lower the hydrostatic pressure

we are putting this pressure against walls, we’re putting the pressure against a space so the more we disperse this pressure against a particular area=the lower the ending force will be

we would rather be stepped on with elephant with big feet rather than high heel

depends on how much wall it is pushing on

we are putting this pressure against space, so the more space=bigger dispersion= the lower the ending force will be

64
Q

what two things factor into hydrostatic pressure?

A

blood pressure and surface area of vessel

65
Q

why do we have really high hydrostatic pressure within our arteries?

A

because we have very high blood pressure because we’re right by the source that’s causing BP (heart) and we don’t have a lot of arties to spread the pressure over

aka high blood pressure and low surface area

66
Q

what are arterioles?

A

they’re much smaller vessels than arteries

they’re also much further away from our heart

67
Q

how elastic are arterioles? why?

A

less elastic than arteries

they just need to make small changes in these variations in pressure since your arteries already took care of the big variation from your heart

68
Q

what surrounds arterioles? what does it do?

A

smooth muscle

to change size of the vessel and change blood pressure

69
Q

what hydrostatic pressure do arterioles have? why?

A

high but not as high as the arteries because they’re farther from the heart

as you get farther from the source generating the pressure, our BP which factors into hydrostatic pressure, is going down so therefore the hydrostatic pressure is also going down

70
Q

what is the smallest vessel?

A

capillaries

71
Q

what is the size capacity of capillaries?

A

only one RBC can move through them at a time!

the RBC actually has to turn sideways and squeeze through there so it’s not a simple movement

aka these capillaries are really small!!

72
Q

where do you do exchange in your body?

A

capillaries are where you do exchange between interstitial fluid and plasma

arteries and arterioles don’t do exchange

73
Q

why do you want capillaries to be small?

A

you want the capillaries to be small and abide by size of RBC because RBC carry oxygen and you want them to be right there to deliver oxygen

74
Q

how many layers do capillaries have?

A

they only have one layer and that layer is made up of just endothelial cells

it’s endothelial cells because all vessels have endothelial cells

75
Q

why do capillaries have thin walls?

A

capillaries have very thin walls with only one layer so that this way things can diffuse despite their distance problem

if the walls are thin, the walls are thin and diffusion is easy

BP creates convection to help diffusion and in the end it’s still diffusion because at the end the oxygen still needs to diffuse from plasma to interstitial fluid

76
Q

why do we need diffusion in our circulatory system? where does it happen?

A

oxygen diffuse from plasma to IF, the glucose from the plasma to IF via capillaries

if we started making these walls thicker we would have more difficulty making diffusion happen

77
Q

how big is the surface area of capillaries?

A

capillaries are the exchange site aka where diffusion happens

bigger surface area=easier for diffusion to happen

the big surface area isn’t associated with one capillary, it is when all of them are combined the overall surface area of capillaries as a whole is huge

78
Q

how big is the surface area of arteries? how about arterioles?

A

there are few arteries = small surface area

arterioles have intermediate SA

capillaries have the highest surface area which helps us with diffusion

79
Q

what does increased surface area help with? where does this come in handy?

A

surface area area also helps with hydrostatic pressure by spreading it

the capillaries have the lowest amount of hydrostatic pressure

the capillaries are made of one cell layer and won’t handle hydrostatic pressure very well so they need to have very low hydrostatic pressure so these thin walls protect against HP

capillaries aren’t built for strength, they’re build for diffusion

80
Q

where is the lowest hydrostatic pressure in the body?

A

capillaries

because of increased surface area which helped spread hydrostatic pressure

81
Q

what is the flow rate in capillaries?

A

decreased flow rate which makes sense because only one RBC being able to move through at once

82
Q

why is the flow rate in capillaries suitable?

A

there is low flow rate in capillaries

this is good for diffusion because it gives time for diffusion to happen

the decreased flow rate allows more things added much like a slow conveyor belt rather than a fast conveyor belt – a slow conveyor belt gives you time to pull things off of it

83
Q

what is the pattern of BP in the different vessels of the body?

A

arteries have the highest BP

arterioles have intermediate BP

capillaries

veins have the lowest BP

84
Q

where is the lowest BP in the entire body?

A

veins

veins have the lowest blood pressure because it decreases with distance and these veins are furthest from the heart since veins return blood to the heart

85
Q

do veins have valves?

A

yes

BP going back to the heart is lower and you’re often going against gravity so you want to make sure the blood keeps going in the right direction so you again, need 1-way valves so that as blood moves towards the heart

if anything flows backwards they’ll close and stop it to make sure it continues towards the heart

86
Q

where are many of our veins located?

A

many of our large veins run within our skeletal muscles

87
Q

how can you help increase the blood pressure in the veins?

A

the flow through our veins is caused by heart which pushes blood and causes pressure

BP is the lowest in our veins and many of our veins are within our skeletal muscles

we can help this pressure since it’s low by squeezing skeletal muscle to create an additional force to prevent movement in the wrong way and help the heart move the blood back towards it

88
Q

why do people move around when their leg falls asleep?

A

o When people sit for a while get restless and want to move their legs because they’re starting to have issues with return flow so squeezing leg muscles gets better flow

skeletal muscle is not the reason for the flow, it is only helping the flow (heart is what causes the flow)

89
Q

what is the level of hydrostatic pressure in the veins?

A

the hydrostatic pressure in the veins is higher than in the capillaries even though HR/BP is decreased because the surface area of veins is smaller

90
Q

what is the level of hydrostatic pressure in the vessels of the body?

A

arteries (highest)

arterioles

veins

capillaries (lowest)

91
Q

hydrostatic vs. blood pressure

A

BP: linear movement of the blood to or from the heart = parallel to the walls of vessels

hydrostatic pressure is perpendicular to the walls of the vessels

92
Q

what is arterial blood pressure?

A

PV=nRT

V = volume/size of vessels

n = volume/amount of blood

93
Q

what is the relationship between volume of blood and pressure?

A

volume/amount of blood is the “n” in the equation

this is a direct relationship between volume of the blood and the pressure

P = n/V

94
Q

what’s the relationship between the volume of the vessel and blood pressure?

A

inverse

95
Q

how does rigidity of vessel walls effect blood pressure?

A

changing the size of the vessel deals with how rigid the walls are (arteries should be elastic)

as we make the walls more rigid and less elastic, our ability to change the V decreases, which sets limits to change the blood pressure

96
Q

what pattern does blood pressure have in large vessels?

A

large vessels = arteries

in large vessels blood pressure mirrors cardiac cycle aka it has 2 phases

97
Q

what are the two phases of blood pressure in large vessels?

A

systolic and diastolic phase

98
Q

what is the systolic phase of blood pressure in large vessels?

A

this is the squeeze

it’s the end of the contraction= big blood pressure because we’re decreasing V

max BP

99
Q

what is the diastolic phase of blood pressure in large vessels?

A

relaxing before contraction

lower BP (not zero)

minimum BP

100
Q

what is the top number of blood pressure?

A

systolic pressure

101
Q

what is the bottom number of blood pressure?

A

diastolic pressure

102
Q

what does it mean if the top number in BP is too high?

A

systolic pressure is too high

aka the heart is working too hard which is a problem

103
Q

what does it mean if the bottom number in BP is too high?

A

diastolic pressure

how well does your heart relax

it’s not a big deal if this number gets too low

104
Q

does arterial pressure differ in parts of the body?

A

arterial blood pressure in different points of your body shouldn’t really differ

105
Q

what do arterioles do?

A

they regulate the blood flow to specific tissue/organs

106
Q

does arteriolar pressure differ across the body?

A

yes

it’s regulating flow to specific tissue/organs

this fact is normal and how it should be, some areas need more of this blood flow and glucose and some of these areas need less blood

if you increase arteriolar pressure in one place, a different place will decrease so no one is ever equal - the arteriolar level is where we get tradeoffs happening

blood pressure going to liver is different that blood flow to spleen

107
Q

what are the three methods for accomplishing size change of arterioles? aka how do you change arteriolar BP?

A

1) local factors
2) extrinsic control
3) endothelial cell secretions

108
Q

how do local factors control arterioles BP?

A

the local area, that tissue or organ themselves is what’s controlling how much blood comes to it

they do it via paracrine and autocrines = local factors because they travel short distances so not endocrines or NT

109
Q

what are the two ways to control arteriolar BP via local factors?

A

1) active hyperemia

2) flow autoregulation

110
Q

what is active hyperemia?

A

when there’s increased flow to an area due to increased metabolic activity

if we’re metabolically active, that means we’re making CO2 and dropping levels of O2 which is the trigger for the arterioles to bring more blood to this area

there’s a limited overall flow though so if you raise the flow to this organ/tissue it means a decreased flow to a different area

111
Q

what happens if you try to move every single muscle in your body at the same time?

A

if you try to move your whole body via skeletal muscles, then what loses the flow of blood is your brain, heart, etc. so we have a limitation on active hyperemia because there’s vital organs that need blood flow and they need a particular level of blood flow

112
Q

what is flow auto regulation?

A

it counteracts active hyperemia

it’s set up by the key organs so that active hyperemia doesn’t pull too much blood flow from vital organs and that they maintain the proper amount of blood flow that they need

arteriole changes to maintain consisten flow to key organs

113
Q

does the digestive system do flow auto regulation?

A

no because the sympathetic system can shut down the digestive system

114
Q

how does extrinsic control of arteriolar BP work?

A

it’s done via more distant factors such as endocrines or NTs

115
Q

does the parasympathetic have an impact on extrinsic control of arteriolar BP?

A

it have a small impact on arteriolar BP b/c arteriolar BP will come down naturally so why use energy to bring it down

116
Q

does the sympathetic have an impact on extrinsic control of arteriolar BP?

A

it has a lot of control of arteriolar BP because it can bring it up super fast for fight or flight

117
Q

what is flow?

A

the amount of blood moving

118
Q

what are the two ways to control arteriolar BP via extrinsic control?

A

1) vasodilation

2) vasoconstriction

119
Q

what is vasodilation?

A

making the vessel wider

which is changing our V= increased flow through that area

speed is slower, low/ decreased blood pressure

120
Q

what causes vasodilation?

A

1) nitric oxide: it’s a free radical so there’s tradeoffs

2) epinephrine in skeletal muscles

121
Q

what is vasoconstriction?

A

making the vessel skinnier

which is changing our V= decreased flow through that area

speed is faster, high/ increased blood pressure

like putting your thumb over a host to make water come out faster

122
Q

what causes vasoconstriction?

A

1) vasopressin and angiotensin II endocrines

2) norepinephrine and epinephrine from sympathetic nervous system

123
Q

is epinephrine a vasoconstrictor or dilator?

A

both!

it’s a vasoconstrictor outside the skeletal muscle

within the skeletal muscle it’s a vasodilator

124
Q

what’s the goal of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

fight or flight

to do that, you need to be engaging skeletal muscles which need blood moving nice and slow and you need a lot of it

when you do vasodilation at skeletal muscle you get more blood there and you’re getting it to go slower because that’s where you want the exchange of oxygen to happen – aerobic gets us tons of ATP

125
Q

how do endothelial cell secretions regulate arteriolar BP?

A

the vessels themselves controlling how much blood is going through them – all vessels are lined with endothelial cells

done via paracrine that impact the surrounding smooth muscles to control blood

126
Q

how is vasodilation done through endothelial cell secretions?

A

nitric oxide (NO)

sympathetic vasodilation is done via epinephrine which is the only exception

127
Q

how is vasoconstriction done through endothelial cell secretions?

A

it’s caused by endothelia-1 (ET-1)

128
Q

what are baroreceptors?

A

just a fancy name for mechanoreceptors because they just tell you about pressure

you’re measuring something that’s going on in your body so they receive afferent signals (going to the brain)

129
Q

where are baroreceptors found?

A

in large arteries like the carotid in your neck or the aorta

why do you want to know the BP in your neck? It’s the blood feeding your brain and if you don’t have the right blood flow to your brain everything else is useless

130
Q

where do baroreceptors input information?

A

they input to the brainstem which is the key to life

the brainstem deals with cardiac activity like heart rate and blood pressure

131
Q

how do baroreceptors work?

A

they register to see what the stretch is then sends that information via AP that then gets turned into NT to the brainstem for it to process

132
Q

what kind of regulation do baroreceptors provide?

A

short-term regulation

you standing up changes your BP like when you get up too fast and feel light headed because you dropped BP enough that blood flow to brain was decreased

133
Q

what happens if short term you register high blood pressure?

A

It gets registered with baroreceptors that send higher than normal AP frequency to brain stem

brainstem registers this and realizes it needs to compensate on the efferent side and get BP to go down which is an efferent autonomic process and we specifically want parasympathetic system to kick in to lower BP

the activity of sympathetic is lowered because you’re trying to lower BP

now the BP is lowered and you’ve completed negative feedback to get us back to steady state

134
Q

what if you have a drop in blood pressure?

A

Baroreceptors send less AP

brainstem registers this and increases sympathetic and decreases parasympathetic so that BP increases

135
Q

is low or high blood pressure worse?

A

high BP in short term was a short term issure, but eventually it’ll come back down so using the NS to fix this is fine

but for a low BP, if the BP is too low, cells aren’t getting the oxygen that they need so they can’t make ATP that they need and things have more problem

low BP is far worse than high BP so using just the NS isn’t enough

you also need to use the endocrine system to fix low BP such as angiotensin II and vasopressin into the system because they both cause increased BP since they’re both vasoconstrictions

(you wouldn’t want to put in nitric oxide)

136
Q

how is blood pressure regulated long term?

A

primarily based on blood volume…increased n means increased P

this is regulated by the kidneys which create urine to filter our blood

individuals with high BP are put on diuretics because they make them urinate more which drops blood volume by having more fluid leave your body via the urine

137
Q

what can cause increased blood pressure long term?

A

1) low O2
2) increase CO2
3) skin pain

138
Q

how does low O2 increase BP long term?

A

low oxygen levels means you need to get blood moving more and raise BP to get more O2 out to the tissues and get more blood flowing through the lungs to pick up oxygen

139
Q

how does increased CO2 increase BP long term?

A

if it’s the tissues causing this because the tissues are working a lot, this would lead to increased CO2 and you don’t want too much CO2 in the system

140
Q

how does skin increase BP long term?

A

if you have skin pain you’ll get fight or flight response started which is an easy indication you need to increase BP

like if you’re being scratch by a dog

141
Q

what things can caused a decrease in blood pressure long term?

A

1) visceral pain

2) sleep

142
Q

how does visceral pain decrease blood pressure long term?

A

visceral pain means organs are screaming

it’s not just that your skin is broken, it means your intestines are being ripped apart and you could be having internal bleeding and you don’t want to bleed out so you lower BP so you can get away and recover

143
Q

how does sleep decrease blood pressure long term?

A

drop in BP when you sleep which is tied to metabolism because when you sleep you don’t need a lot of energy so you can let off on the heart and let it rest

this is why heart attacks usually happen first thing in the morning because your heart is rested and then you wake up and need to start your heart back up and if something isn’t working properly that could be the breaking and it won’t start up right

144
Q

what is hypotension?

A

low BP

145
Q

what are the two types of hypotension?

A

1) hemorrhage

2) shock

146
Q

what is hemorrhage?

A

low BP

loss of plasma fluids

if you cut open your closed system and your “n” is leaking out so P also drops (PV = nRT)

if someone goes to ER and has a lot of bleeding, get them on an IV to replace fluids

later if necessary you might need to add blood

147
Q

what is shock?

A

low BP

you get individuals that are in the ER getting pushed to the side because they weren’t bleeding but they died because they were actually experiencing visceral pain which is associated with drop in BP because of internal bleeding

visceral pain gets lowered BP and then other organs are unhappy so you lower BP more which is positive feedback

if positive feedback doesn’t get stopped and resolved, you’ll keep going in the wrong direction and that’s what happened to those patients

now the first thing paramedics look at are symptoms of shock regardless of anything else going on

Physiology (15 decks)

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