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OPT 116 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is compartmentalization

A

required components of a metabolic pathway are concentrated in a confined space within the cell

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2
Q

what 4 things is the cell membrane composed of

A

phospholipids
cholesterol
proteins
carbohydrates

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3
Q

what types of molecules can move across the cell membrane without help and what are examples

A

Fat-soluble and small, uncharged molecules.
examples:
- O2
- H2
- CO2
- H2O
- glycerol

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4
Q

what types of molecules need help to move across the membrane and what are examples

A

water-soluble, large, uncharged and charged molecules.
examples:
- glucose
- sucrose
- ions

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5
Q

what does cholesterol do in the cell membrane

A

reduces cell membrane fluidity and permeability

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6
Q

what are the jobs of proteins in the cell membrane

A

junctions
enzymes
transport
recognition
anchorage
transduction

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7
Q

how much of the membrane do integral proteins span

A

partially or entire width.
entire width = transmembrane protein

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8
Q

what do peripheral proteins attach to

A

integral proteins or inner hydrophilic heads of phospholipids

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9
Q

what do carbohydrates attach to in the cell membrane

A

proteins/phospholipids

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10
Q

what are the functions of carbohydrates in the cell membrane

A

cushioning/protection
cell to cell recognition
binding

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11
Q

what is the inner layer of the nuclear envelope lined by and what is its function

A

lined by nuclear lamina.
organizes dna

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12
Q

what is the nucleoplasm and what does it contain

A

semi fluid matrix of nucleus.
chromatin: dna wrapped around histone proteins –> condense to form chromosomes.
nucleolus: site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly

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13
Q

what does the cytoplasm contain

A

cytosol
cytoskeleton
organelles

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14
Q

what metabolic pathways is the cytosol the site for

A

glycolysis
gluconeogenesis
pentose phosphate pathway
fatty acid synthesis

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15
Q

what is the cytoskeleton composed of

A

fibrous proteins:
- actin filaments
- intermediate filaments
- microtubules

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16
Q

what is the function of the cytoskeleton

A

provide structure and support inside the cell.
anchors cell / aids in cell motility.
helps materials inside cell move

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17
Q

what are the nonmembranous organelles

A

ribosomes
centrosome/centrioles
cilia/flagella
cytoskeleton
nucleolus

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18
Q

what are the membranous organelles

A

2 lipid bilayer membrane:
- nucleus
- mitochondria
1 lipid bilayer membrane:
- rough and smooth ER
- golgi apparatus
- lysosomes
- peroxisomes
- plasma membrane

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19
Q

what is the function of the smooth er

A

lipid processing center.
converts fat-soluble toxins to water-soluble substances.
sequesters ca2+ from cytosol

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20
Q

what happens in the mitochondria

A

fatty acid oxidation.
krebs.
oxidative phosphorylation.
regulates apoptosis

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21
Q

what is the function of lysosomes

A

site of intracellular digestion.
contains enzymes that break down old cellular components/foreign particles.
acidic ph is about 5

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22
Q

what do peroxisomes help with

A

fatty acid oxidation.
neutralize free radicals.
myelin synthesis.
cholesterol synthesis

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23
Q

function of the extracellular matrix

A

provide cells with structural support.
anchors cells in place.
binds cells together, forming tissues

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24
Q

what do primary structure proteins undergo and form

A

undergo condensation reactions to form long chains –> create peptide bonds

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25
Q

secondary structure of proteins

A

hydrogen bonds between hydrogen of amine group and oxygen of carbonyl group in polypeptides backbone.
alpha helix or beta sheets.

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26
Q

tertiary structure of proteins

A

interactions between R chains.
- hydrogen bonds
- ionic bonds
- van der waals interactions
- hydrophobic interactions
- disulfide bridges
3D shape

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27
Q

quaternary structure of proteins

A

interactions between multiple polypeptide chains

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28
Q

components of fibrous / globular

A

fibrous: elongated, insoluble in water, structural.
- ex: collagen/elastin
globular: compact/spherical, soluble exterior with insoluble interior, non-structural roles.
- ex: immunoglobin, hemoglobin, enzymes

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29
Q

explain the general structure of carbohydrates

A

chains of carbons with hydroxyl groups and one carbonyl group.
terminal = aldose.
non-terminal = ketose.
D or L based on location of hydroxyl furthest from carbonyl

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30
Q

do aldehydes or ketones have a higher priority? how do you name them?

A

aldehydes have higher priority.
name as aldehyde and ketone is “oxo” substituent

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31
Q

what do condensation reactions form

A

glycosidic bonds –> create disaccharides / oligosaccharides / polysaccharides.
forms between hydroxyl of one group and anomeric carbon of another

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32
Q

what is an anomeric carbon

A

in a cyclic carbon, the carbon that was the carbonyl carbon in acyclic form.
next to the oxygen atom in the ring

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33
Q

what is sucrose

A

glucose
fructose

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34
Q

what is maltose

A

glucose
glucose

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35
Q

what is lactose

A

glucose
galactose

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36
Q

what are oligosaccharides typically bound to and what are examples

A

bound to proteins in membrane as glycoproteins.
ex: immunoglobulin, mucin.

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37
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

cellulose
starch
GAGs
glycogen

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38
Q

what bonds does cellulose have? branching or no branching?

A

beta bonds, no branching

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39
Q

can cellulose be digested by humans?

A

unable to be digested by humans

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40
Q

what does cellulose do in the digestive tract

A

helps delay absorption of other carbs in your digestive tract, thereby preventing blood glucose spikes

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41
Q

what is starch

A

storage form of glucose in plants

42
Q

what types of bonds does starch have? branching or no branching?

A

alpha bonds.
branched or unbranched.
- branched: amylopectin
- unbranched: amylose

43
Q

what is glycogen

A

storage form of glucose in animals.
created if the body has enough glucose for energy needs.
live and muscle

44
Q

what type of bonds does glycogen have? branching or unbranching?

A

alpha bonds.
extensive branching.

45
Q

what are GAGs composed of

A

repeating disaccharide units (amino sugar and uronic acid or galactose)

46
Q

are GAGs branched or unbranched

A

branched.
bottle brush structure.

47
Q

do GAGs have a positive or negative charge

A

negative charge - attracts water.
lubricant/shock absorber due to high viscosity, low compressibility

48
Q

where are GAGs located

A

ECM or cell membranes.
fill ECM as hydrated gel

49
Q

what are proteoglycans

A

GAGs that are attached to core proteins

50
Q

what are the 5 groups of GAGs

A
  1. Chondroitin sulfate (most abundant).
  2. Keratan sulfate (originally isolated in cornea).
  3. Dermatan sulfate (mostly found in skin).
  4. Heparan sulfate (animal tissues).
  5. Hyaluronate (only GAG not sulfated or linked to a core protein; vitreous humor).
51
Q

examples of GAGs

A

Aggrecan
Lumican
Keratocan
Mimecan
Decorin

52
Q

what are lipids and what do they consist of

A

organic compounds.
largely hydrophobic.
consists mainly of carbon and hydrogen, some oxygen.

53
Q

what are the types of simple lipids

A

esters of fatty acids:
- fatty acids
- triglycerides

54
Q

what is the precursor to triglycerides

A

fatty acids

55
Q

what is palmitic acid

A

hexadecanoic acid.
fatty acid.
most common saturated fat in plants and animals.

56
Q

what does omega refer to

A

the position of the 1st double bond relative to the methyl end (omega end)

57
Q

what type of bond do saturated fatty acids have

A

single bonds

58
Q

what type of bond do unsaturated fatty acids have

A

double bonds:
- cis: naturally occurring
- trans: processed fats

59
Q

structure of triglyceride

A

glycerol as the alcohol ester with fatty acids

60
Q

function of triglycerides

A

energy store
thermal insulation
filling space
binding organs together
cushioning organs

61
Q

when are triglycerides broken down

A

during low food periods for energy

62
Q

structure of complex lipids and the types

A

esters of fatty acids + additional groups.
phospholipids.
sphingolipids.

63
Q

function of phospholipids

A

structural component of cell/organelle membranes.
aid in fat digestion

64
Q

structure of phospholipids

A

2 fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate + 1 polar group.
possible polar groups:
- ethanolamine
- choline = phospholipid
- serine
- inositol

65
Q

function of sphingolipids

A

structural component of cell membranes (esp. nerve cells)
chemical messengers

66
Q

structure of sphingolipids

A

sphinogosine as the alcohol ester with fatty acids + head group.
possible head group:
- hydrogen (ceramide).
- phosphocholine (sphingomyelin).
- sugar (glycolipid; 1 sugar = cerebroside, >1 sugar =ganglioside).

67
Q

what are derived lipids derived from and name the different types

A

hydrolysis of simple/complex lipids.
steroids.
fat-soluble vitamins.
eicosanoids.
isoprenoids.

68
Q

structure of steroids

A

4 fused rings with unique side chainssi

69
Q

side chain of sterols

A

hydroxyl

70
Q

most common sterol

A

cholesterol

71
Q

what is cholesterol a precursor to

A

steroid hormones and bile salts

72
Q

what are steroid hormones and the different types

A

chemical messengers.
mineralocorticoids: corticosterone, aldosterone.
glucocorticoids: cortisol.
sex steroids: progesterone, testosterone, estrogen.
vitamin d: some true steroid characteristics

73
Q

what are bile salts

A

acid conjugated with glycine or taurine - reaction produces water and chemical salts

74
Q

where are bile salts stored

A

gallbladder

75
Q

function of bile salts

A

digestion of dietary lipids
absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K

76
Q

what are the fat-soluble vitamins

A

A
D
E
K

77
Q

what are fat-soluble vitamins involved in

A

blood clotting
wound healing
vision
calcium absorption

78
Q

what are eicosanoids and what are they derived from

A

chemical messengers.
derived from arachidonic acid

79
Q

examples of eicosanoids

A

prostaglandins
leukotrienes
thromboxanes

80
Q

what are isoprenoids

A

isoprene subunits of unsaturated pentahydrocarbons.
fat soluble vitamins A, E, and K

81
Q

what are minerals

A

inorganics found in soil / water and absorbed by plants, eaten by animals

82
Q

macromolecules and their functions

A
  1. Calcium:
    - bone and teeth formation
    - muscle contraction
    - nervous system function
    - hormone secretion
  2. Phosphorus:
    - ATP formation
    - bone formation
    - hormone activation
  3. Chloride:
    - nervous system function
    - fluid balance
  4. Potassium:
    - nervous system function
    - fluid balance
    - blood pressure regulation
  5. Sodium:
    - nervous system function
    - fluid balance
    - blood pressure regulation
    - muscle contraction
  6. Magnesium
83
Q

what are the microminerals and their functions

A
  1. Selenium: antioxidant.
  2. Copper: antioxidant.
  3. Zinc: antioxidant.
  4. Iodine: thyroid hormone production.
  5. Chromium
  6. Iron: hemoglobin formation
84
Q

what are vitamins

A

organics made by plants and animals, eaten by humans

85
Q

what vitamins does the body not make enough of

A

vitamin d and k

86
Q

what do most vitamins function as

A

coenzymes: organic molecules that are required by certain enzymes to carry out catalysis

87
Q

what are the fat-soluble vitamins and their functions

A
  1. A - retinol: vision; deficiency: night blindness, dry eye.
  2. D - cholecalciferol.
  3. E - tocopherol: antioxidant.
  4. K: blood clotting; deficiency: hemorrhage.
88
Q

what are the water-soluble vitamins and their functions

A

B1 - Thiamine.
B2 - Riboflavin: corneal cross linking.
B3 - Niacin.
B5 - Pantothenoic acid.
B6 - Pyridoxine.
B7 - Biotin.
B9 - Folate/folic acid.
B12 - Cobalamin: myelin synthesis, RBC formation; deficiency: irreversible nerve damage, anemia.
C - Ascorbic acid: antioxidant.

89
Q

how are electronegativity and atomic size related on the periodic table

A

inversely related.
electronegativity is greatest in top right corner.
atomic size is greatest in bottom left corner.

90
Q

what do polar covalent bonds create

A

partial negatives and positives.
cations: pos. charge, loss of electrons.
anions: neg. charge, gain of electrons.
nonpolar molecules are not electrostatically attracted to water, so water forms ordered cages around them.

91
Q

what does the value of pKa change with

A

temperature

92
Q

what is Ka

A

dissociation or equilibrium constant.
a stronger acid dissociates completely and will have a large [H+], therefore a large Ka.

93
Q

what do weak acids neutralize

A

OH

94
Q

what do weak bases neutralize

A

H

95
Q

what are phosphate buffers

A

phosphate exists as sodium dihydrogen phosphate (weak acid) and sodium monohydrogen phosphate (conjugate base)

96
Q

what is carbonic acid / bicarbonate

A

carbonic acid: weak acid.
bicarbonate: conjugate base

97
Q

what is the pH of blood

A

7.4

98
Q

pH of blood = < 7.35

A

metabolic acidosis

99
Q

pH of blood = > 7.45

A

metabolic alkalosis

100
Q

do carboxyl functional groups act as weak acids or bases

A

weak acids

101
Q

do amino functional groups act as weak acids or basese

A

weak bases

OPT 116 (7 decks)

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