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OPT 116 > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin B2

A

Water-Soluble
Riboflavin.
Function: Corneal-cross linking

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2
Q

Vitamin B1

A

Water-Soluble
Thiamine

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3
Q

Vitamin B3

A

Water-Soluble
Niacin

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4
Q

Vitamin B5

A

Water-Soluble
Pantothenic acid

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5
Q

Vitamin B6

A

Water-Soluble
Pyridoxine

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6
Q

Vitamin B7

A

Water-Soluble
Biotin

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7
Q

Vitamin B9

A

Water-Soluble
Folate, folic acid

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8
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Water-Soluble
Cobalamin.
Function: myelin synthesis, RBC formation.
Deficiency effects: anemia, irreversible nerve damage

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9
Q

Vitamin C

A

Water-Soluble
Ascorbic acid.
Function: antioxidant

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10
Q

Vitamin A

A

Fat-Soluble
Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic acid
Function: Vision
Deficiency effects: night blindness, dry eye

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11
Q

Vitamin D

A

Fat-soluble
Cholecalciferol

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12
Q

Vitamin E

A

Fat-soluble
Tocopherol
Function: antioxidant

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13
Q

Vitamin K

A

Fat-soluble
Function: blood clotting
Deficiency effects: hemorrhage

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14
Q

Calcium (Ca2+)

A

Macromineral
Function: bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, nervous system function, hormone secretion

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15
Q

Chloride (Cl-)

A

Macromineral
Function: fluid balance, nervous system function

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16
Q

Magnesium (Mg2+)

A

Macromineral

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17
Q

Phorphorus

A

Macromineral
Function: bone formation, formation of ATP, hormone activation

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18
Q

Potassium (K+)

A

Macromineral
Function: fluid balance, blood pressure regulation, nervous system function

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19
Q

Sodium (Na+)

A

Macromineral
Function: fluid balance, blood pressure regulation, muscle contraction, nervous system function

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20
Q

Chromium

A

Micromineral

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21
Q

Copper

A

Micromineral
Function: antioxidant

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22
Q

Iodine

A

Micromineral
Function: thyroid hormone production

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23
Q

Iron

A

Micromineral
Function: hemoglobin formation

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24
Q

Selenium

A

Micromineral
Function: antioxidant

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25
Q

Zinc

A

Micromineral
Function: antioxidant

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26
Q

What is the main purpose of lipids?

A

reserve supply of energy

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27
Q

When is TAG broken down?

A

during periods of low food consumption

28
Q

What are lipids and what do they consist of?

A

Organic compounds.
hydrophobic.
consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen and some oxygen

29
Q

Fatty acids

A

precursor to triglycerides.
source of energy

30
Q

Triglycerides

A

Energy storage.
Thermal insulation.
Binding organs together.
Cushioning organs.

31
Q

Phospholipids

A

Structural component.
Help fat digestion.

32
Q

Sphingolipids

A

Structural component of nerve cells.
chemical messengers

33
Q

Cholesterol

A

Component of cell membranes.
precursor of other steroids

34
Q

Steroid hormones

A

chemical messengers

35
Q

Bile salts

A

help in digestion and nutrient absorption

36
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K.
Vision.
Ca2+ absorption

37
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Chemical messengers

38
Q

what are simple lipids

A

esters of fatty acids.
triglycerides - triacylglycerol, TAG

39
Q

what are complex lipids

A

esters of fatty acids + additional groups.
phospholipids.
sphingolipids.

40
Q

what are derived lipids

A

derived from hydrolysis of simple/complex lipids.
steroids - bile salts, steroid hormones, sterols
isoprenoids - vitamins A, E, K
eicosanoids - prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes

41
Q

what is the structure of a fatty acid

A

hydrocarbon chain w/ carboxyl group at one end.
even # of carbons (10 - 30).

42
Q

what does omega number refer to

A

position of 1st double bond relative to methyl end (omega end)

43
Q

what is palmitic acid

A

hexadecanoic acid.
most common saturated fat in plants and animals

44
Q

examples of simple lipids

A

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) - fatty fish.
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) - fatty fish.
alpha linolenic acid (ALA) - flaxseed, walnuts.
arachidonic acid - meat and egg yolk.
linoleic acid - plant oils, nuts.

45
Q

characteristics of simple lipids w/ single bonds

A

saturated with hydrogen.
linear.
solid at room temp.

46
Q

characteristics of simple lipids w/ double bonds

A

unsaturated w/ cis or trans formation.
bent.
liquid at room temp.

47
Q

structure of cis unsaturated fatty acids

A

2 hydrogens attached to carbon double bond on same side.
most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acid.

48
Q

structure of trans unsaturated fatty acids

A

2 hydrogens attached to carbon double bond on opposite side.
most are created in industrial process.
hydrocarbon chain is straight.

49
Q

what is an ester of a fatty acid

A

alcohol + fatty acid.
alcohol = compound that contains hydroxyl groups attached to carbon

50
Q

examples of alcohols

A

glycerol and sphingosine

51
Q

structure of triglycerides

A

3 fatty acids + glycerol.
hydrocarbon chain length varies.
degree of unsaturation varies.

52
Q

structure of phospholipids

A

2 fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate + 1 polar group

53
Q

possible polar groups for phospholipids

A

ethanolamine: cell membranes.
choline: maintenance of cell membrane.
serine: metabolism and immune system.
inositol: signal transduction.

54
Q

structure of sphingolipids

A

fatty acid + sphingosine + 1 head group

55
Q

possible head groups for sphingolipids

A

hydrogen (ceramide).
phosphocholine (sphingomyelin).
sugar (glycolipid; 1 sugar = cerebroside, >1 sugar = ganglioside)

56
Q

structure of steroids

A

steroid core + side chain.
steroid core is 4 fused rings.
side chains make each steroid unique

57
Q

examples of steroids

A

sterols:
- side chain: hydroxyl group.
- most common: cholesterol

58
Q

bile acids to bile salts

A

acid conjugated w/ glycine or taurine: reaction produces water and chemical salts
- stored in gallbladder
- digestion of dietary lipids
- absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K

59
Q

what are the steroid hormones, what do they do, and what is an exmaple

A

Mineralocorticoids: regulate salt and water balance; ex. corticosterone and aldosterone.
Glucocorticoids: regulate stress management and decrease inflammation; ex. cortisol.
Sex steroids: sex development; ex. progesterone, testosterone, estrogen.
Vitamin D: Ca 2+ metabolism; some true steroid characteristics; cholesterol is precursor

60
Q

isoprene subunits that make up isoprenoids

A

Unsaturated, pentahydrocarbon

61
Q

examples of isoprenoids

A

fat-soluble vitamines A, E, K

62
Q

what are eicosanoids derived from

A

arachidonic acid

63
Q

examples of eicosanoids

A

prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes

64
Q

what are minerals

A

inorganic substances required by the body to sustain life.
not made by living things - found naturally in soil and water; absorbed by plants then eaten by people and animals.
obtained through your diet

65
Q

what are vitamins

A

organic substances required by the body to sustain life - made by plants and animals, then eaten by humans.
obtained through your diet - from both plant and animal products; the body cannot synthesize vitamins D and K in adequate amounts.

66
Q

what are coenzymes

A

organic molecules required by certain enzymes to carry out catalysis

OPT 116 (7 decks)

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