Carbohydrates

Question 1

What is the primary function of carbohydrates

Answer 1

provide the body with energy

Question 2

what are carbohydrates broken down into

Answer 2

glucose

Question 3

what happens if the body has enough glucose to fill its current needs

Answer 3

excess glucose is stored for later use in the form of glycogen and is mostly found in liver and skeletal muscle

Question 4

what does dietary fiber contain

Answer 4

indigestible carbohydrates

Question 5

what are carbohydrates made up of

Answer 5

monosaccharides

Question 6

what does a monosaccharide consist of

Answer 6

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 7

what is an aldose

Answer 7

carbonyl group is bonded to at least 1 hydrogen

Question 8

what is a ketose

Answer 8

carbonyl group is bonded to 2 carbons

Question 9

what is “D” in carbon numbering

Answer 9

highest number chiral carbon farthest from aldehyde or keto group with hydroxyl group to the right

Question 10

what do carbohydrates form in aqueous solution

Answer 10

ring structures

Question 11

Condensation reaction

Answer 11

glycosidic bond (covalent) forms between a hydroxyl group of one molecule and the anomeric carbon of another

Question 12

anomeric carbon

Answer 12

carbon that was the carbonyl carbon in acyclic form.
found next to the oxygen atom in the ring but on the opposite side of the carbon that carries the CH2OH (hydroxymethyl) group in acyclic form

Question 13

sucrose

Answer 13

disaccharide
glucose + fructose

Question 14

lactose

Answer 14

glucose + galactose

Question 15

maltose

Answer 15

glucose + glucose

Question 16

how many monosaccharides do oligosaccharides have

Answer 16

3 - 12

Question 17

examples of oligosaccharides

Answer 17

immunoglobulin, mucin

Question 18

what are oligosaccharides covalently bonded to

Answer 18

proteins.
primarily located on the surface of cells or in the ECM

Question 19

how many monosaccharides do polysaccharides consist of

Answer 19

> 12

Question 20

glycan

Answer 20

synonym for oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

Question 21

proteoglycans

Answer 21

constitute a major component of the extracellular matrix

Question 22

examples of polysaccharides

Answer 22

glycogen, starch, cellulose, glycosaminoglycan

Question 23

gylcogen

Answer 23

composed of alpha glucose monomers with extensive branching.
storage form of glucose in animals.
located mainly in liver and muscle

Question 24

starch

Answer 24

composed of alpha glucose monomers with or without branching.
- branching (amylopectin)
- unbranched (amylose)
storage form of glucose in plants

Question 25

cellulose

Answer 25

composed of beta glucose monomers with no branching. humans are unable to digest cellulose due to lack of enzymes to break down beta glucose linkages - contributes to formation of dietary fiber

Question 26

glycosaminoglycan (GAG, mucopolysaccharide)

Answer 26

composed of repeating disaccharide units (amino sugar and uronic acid or galactose) without branching

Question 27

5 groups of GAGs

Answer 27

1. Chrondroitin sulfate: most abundant 2. Keratan sulfate: abundant; originally in cornea 3. Dermatan sulfate: mainly in skin 4. Heparan sulfate: all animal tissues 5. Hyaluronate: ECM; 1st isolated in vitreous humor; only GAG not sulfated

Question 28

are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) negatively or positively charged

Answer 28

highly negatively charged. attracts water. functions as a lubricant or shock absorbed due to high viscosity and low compressibility

Question 29

where are GAGs located

Answer 29

primarily on the surface of cells or in the ECM. fill the space of the ECM in the form of a hydrated gel

Question 30

what are most GAGs linked to

Answer 30

core protein, forms proteoglycan. GAGs extend perpendicular from the core protein in a bottlebrush-like structure

Question 31

what GAG is not linked to a core protein

Answer 31

hyaluronate

Question 32

examples of proteoglycans

Answer 32

Aggrecan Lumican Keratocan Mimecan Decorin