Digestion: Carbohydrates (M2)

Question 1

what is digestion a form of

Answer 1

catabolism

Question 2

what is catabolism

Answer 2

hydrolytic process that breaks down large food molecules into smaller ones

Question 3

what does the digestive tract consist of

Answer 3

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum

Question 4

what organs help aid in digestion

Answer 4

pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

Question 5

what can be used to produce glucose

Answer 5

lactate, pyruvate, and amino acids

Question 6

what are the building blocks of carbohydrates

Answer 6

monosaccharides

Question 7

what do monosaccharides bond together in and form

Answer 7

join together in a glycosidic bond.
form disaccharides and polysaccharides

Question 8

monosaccharides examples

Answer 8

glucose
galactose
fructose

Question 9

disaccharides examples

Answer 9

lactose
maltose
sucrose

Question 10

polysaccharides examples

Answer 10

glycogen
starch
cellulose
GAGs

Question 11

where does carbohydrate digestion begin

Answer 11

mouth

Question 12

what does saliva contain

Answer 12

salivary amylase that hydrolyzes 5% of starch in mouth.
breaks starch down to maltose and a polysaccharide

Question 13

what do carbohydrates through and to where after leaving the mouth

Answer 13

travel through the esophagus.
reach the stomach.

Question 14

what inactivates salivary amylase

Answer 14

acidity of the stomach

Question 15

true or false: minimal carbohydrate digestion occurs in the stomach

Answer 15

true

Question 16

where does carbohydrate digestion continue after the stomach

Answer 16

lumen of the small intestine

Question 17

what is secreted from the pancreas and what is it secreted into

Answer 17

bicarbonate (HCO3^-) and amylase.
secreted into the small intestine

Question 18

what is bicarbonate

Answer 18

buffer that neutralizes acidic stomach contents

Question 19

what does pancreatic amylase do

Answer 19

hydrolyzes disaccharides and complex carbs into monosaccharides

Question 20

what are the pancreatic hormones

Answer 20

insulin
glucagon

Question 21

what do acinar cells secrete

Answer 21

digestive enzymes

Question 22

what type of cell is glucagon

Answer 22

alpha cell

Question 23

what type of cell is insulin

Answer 23

beta cell

Question 24

what is secreted from the small intestines

Answer 24

disaccharides - lactase, sucrase, maltase.
hydrolyze disaccharides into monosaccharides

Question 25

what are monosaccharides at the end of digestion in the small intestine

Answer 25

about 80% are glucose

Question 26

what happens to monosaccharides after the end of the digestion in the small intestine

Answer 26

absorbed into enterocytes of the intestinal mucosa to reach blood capillaries.
bound by tight junctions.
co-transport and facilitated diffusion required.

Question 27

what is co-transport

Answer 27

uses movement of one molecule through cell membrane from higher to lower concentration to power the movement of another from lower to higher concentration

Question 28

what is facilitated diffusion

Answer 28

movement of substances from an area of higher to an area of lower concentration using a carrier protein in the cell membrane

Question 29

what happens to monosaccharides once in the blood capillaries

Answer 29

transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

Question 30

what happens to monosaccharides in the liver

Answer 30

galactose –> glucose
fructose –> glucose and lactate
glucose is stored as glycogen or transported to peripheral tissues

Question 31

function of glucose in the liver

Answer 31

used to maintain blood glucose levels at 70 - 100 mg/dL (fasting BG).
in the peripheral tissues, glucose is used for energy production or stored as glycogen.

Question 32

what happens when liver cells and peripheral tissue are saturated with lycogen

Answer 32

excess glucose is converted into fatty acids

Question 33

can glucose enter the cell without insulin

Answer 33

no

Question 34

what does insulin signal

Answer 34

signals the cell to insert GLUT 4 transporters into the membrane, which allows glucose to enter the cell

Question 35

what are undigested carbohydrates eliminated by

Answer 35

colon

Question 36

what is dietary fiber from and what is it resistant to

Answer 36

from plant cell walls (ex. cellulose) and is resistant to human digestive enzymes.
unable to be digested and absorbed

Question 37

what is insoluble fiber

Answer 37

passes through the digestive tract relatively untouched.
speeds up digestion.
adds bulk to stool so it can pass easier

Question 38

what is soluble fiber

Answer 38

forms a gel when mixed with water in digestive tract.
slows down digestion and absorption of glucose, which prevents blood glucose spikes.
fermented by colon bacteria into short-chain fatty acids and gases