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OPT 116 > Digestion: Lipids (M2) > Flashcards

Digestion: Lipids (M2) Flashcards

1
Q

digestion is a form of

A

catabolism

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2
Q

what is catabolism

A

hydrolytic process that breaks down large food molecules into smaller ones

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3
Q

large food molecules

A

carbohydrates
proteins
lipids

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4
Q

small food molecules

A

monosaccharides
amino acids
fatty acids

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5
Q

how do we obtain lipids

A

synthesized or obtained through diet

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6
Q

lipids are classified due to their

A

hydrophobicity

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7
Q

do lipids dissolve in water

A

no, they cluster together away from water

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8
Q

what is a TAG composed of

A

3 fatty acids + glycerol (sugar)

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9
Q

TAGs comprise __% of dietary lipids

A

90

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10
Q

what do lipids include

A

triacylglycerol (triglyceride, TAG)
cholesterol
phospholipids

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11
Q

what are phospholipids composed of

A

2 fatty acids + glycerol +phosphate + 1 of 4 polar groups

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12
Q

what is cholesterol composed of

A

steroid core of 4 fused rings + side chains

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13
Q

limited digestion occurs in

A

mouth and stomach

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14
Q

what hydrolyzes fatty acids with less than/equal to 12 carbons

A

lingual lipases and gastric lipases

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15
Q

fat globules leave the __ and enter the __

A

stomach; small intestine

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16
Q

what are bicarbonate and lipases secreted from

A

pancreas into small intestine

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17
Q

what is bicarbonate

A

buffer that neutralizes acidic stomach contents

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18
Q

what does pancreatic lipas hydrolyze

A

triglycerides into monoglyceride and (2) free fatty acides

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19
Q

what are bile salts secreted from

A

gallbladder into small intestine

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20
Q

what emulsifies fat globules

A

amphipathic molecules

21
Q

emulsification

A

increases surface area of lipids and makes them more accessible to digestive enzymes

22
Q

what enzymes are secreted by pancreas

A

trypsin
chemotrypsin
lipases

23
Q

bile salts surround

A

fat droplets forming micelles

24
Q

micelles

A

core of lipids (hydrophobic regions inside and hydrophilic regions outside) surrounded by bile salts

25
Q

what do micelles transport

A

transport lipids through intestinal lumen to epithelial lining

26
Q

once micelles reach __ of the __, they are _____

A

once micelles reach epithelial lining of the small intestine, they are absorbed into enterocytes

27
Q

how do micelles enter enterocytes

A

simple diffusion

28
Q

what are bile salts absorbed in

A

the more distal small intestine and transported back to the liver through the portal vein

29
Q

what happens in the enterocyte

A

TAG is reformed and packaged into chylomicrons, along with other lipids

30
Q

what are chylomicrons

A

water-soluble lipoproteins.
micelle with protein

31
Q

what do chylomicrons transport

A

lipids through the bloodstream from the intestine, and remnants return to the liver for recycling

32
Q

what is lacteal

A

lymphatic vessels of small intestine that store digestive fats

33
Q

chylomicrons enter __ and bypass __

A

chylomicrons enter lymph capillaries and bypass blood capillaries

34
Q

within blood capillaries chylomicrons are

A

digested

35
Q

lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

A

hydrolyzes triglycerides into fatty aids and glycerol

36
Q

chylomicron remnants are

A

transported to the liver

37
Q

in the liver, chylomicron remnants are

A

recycled and TAG is reformed

38
Q

TAG, along with other lipids (mainly cholesterol), is packaged into

A

VLDL (very low density lipoproteins) for transport through bloodstream to tissues

39
Q

bad cholesterol

A

LDL and VLDL

40
Q

within blood capillaries, VLDL is

A

digested

41
Q

glycerol returns to the

A

liver to be reused

42
Q

fatty acids enter cells to be

A

used as an energy source or stored as triglycerides

43
Q

loss of triglycerides and some apoproteins converts

A

VLDL into LDL

44
Q

LDL is an important carrier of

A

cholesterol to tissues

45
Q

cholesterol can be

A

deposited in the cell membrane, used to make Vitamin D, bile acid, or steroid hormones

46
Q

HDL carries

A

excess cholesterol away from tissues to the liver

47
Q

what do high amount of HDL prevent against

A

cardiovascular disease

48
Q

why are non-hdl bad

A

higher risk of cardiovascular disease

OPT 116 (7 decks)

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