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PSYCH 105 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

three other sources of evidence for behavior

A

your experience, intuition, and an authority

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2
Q

Empiricism

A

using evidence from the senses as the basis for conclusions

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3
Q

What is normal distribution?

A

bell curve; symmetrical with a central peak; tails off to both ends

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4
Q

variability

A

how much measurements differ from one another

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5
Q

Range

A

value of largest measurement minus the smallest

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6
Q

Standard deviation

A

describes the average difference between the measurements in a frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution; how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean

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7
Q

What makes a good theory?

A

testable/falsifiable; supported by research; conforms to law of parsimony

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8
Q

operational definition

A

defines a variable in terms of specific procedures used to produce or measure it

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9
Q

self-report measures

A

participants report their own knowledge, beliefs, and experiences

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10
Q

social desirability bias-

A

desire to make a good impression

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11
Q

measures of overt behaviour

A

observers record observable behaviour
-however, participants change behaviour knowing they are observed

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12
Q

psychological tests

A

specialized tests to measure particular variables such as personality and intelligence

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13
Q

descriptive research

A

seeks how an individual behaves especially in natural environments

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14
Q

naturalistic observations

A

observing people or animals in their natural environment

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15
Q

population

A

entire set of individuals

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16
Q

sample

A

subset of individuals from a population

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17
Q

representative sample

A

a sample that reflects the important characteristics of the population

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18
Q

random sampling

A

every member of the population has an equal probability of being chosen

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19
Q

correlational research

A

association between two or more measured variables and their relationship

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20
Q

Correlation coefficient (r)

A

describes the relationship between two variables
-1.0 to +1.0
-sign indicates direction
value indicates strength

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21
Q

postive correlation

A

same direction; increase in one=increase in the other

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22
Q

negative correlation

A

different direction; increase in one=decrease in the other

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23
Q

between groups/between subjects research design

A

each group in the experiment has different sets of paticipants

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24
Q

repeated measures/within subjects research design

A

each participant is exposed to all the conditions of an independent variable

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25
Q

Ethic standards in research

A

must protect and promote the welfare of all participants with consent

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26
Q

definition of language

A

a system of symbols and rules

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27
Q

psycholinguistics

A

the scientific study of the psychological aspects of language

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28
Q

grammar

A

set of rules for how symbols can be combined for communication

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29
Q

semantics

A

the meaning of words and sentences and rules for connecting the symbols

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30
Q

generativity

A

combine symbols to generate an infinite messages and new meanings

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31
Q

displacement

A

can communicate about things not physically present

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32
Q

surface structure

A

ways symbols are combined

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33
Q

syntax

A

grammar and the order of words

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34
Q

deep structure

A

underlying meaning of combined symbols

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35
Q

morphemes

A

smallest units of meaning; a combination of phonemes

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36
Q

phonemes

A

smallest units of sound recognized as separate

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37
Q

pragmatics

A

a knowledge of practical aspects of using language
-clarity and tone
- context matters

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38
Q

Language acquisition device

A

universal grammar; all languages have a common deep structure

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39
Q

social learning processes for language

A

parents and operant conditioning

40
Q

Broca’s area

A

speech and generating words

41
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

speech comprehension

42
Q

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

language influences and determines our thinking

43
Q

Language influences:

A

perceptions, decisions, thinking

44
Q

analogical representations

A

mental representations that have some physical characteristics of what they represent

45
Q

symbolic representations

A

abstract mental representations that do not correspond to the physical features of objects or ideas

46
Q

propositional thought

A

expresses a statement

47
Q

imaginal thought

A

consists of images that we can see, hear, or feel in our mind

48
Q

motoric thought

A

relates to mental representations of motor movements

49
Q

aphantasia

A

people who lack mental imagery

50
Q

concepts

A

a category of related things that consist of mental presentations of that thing;

51
Q

categorization

A

grouping things together that have overlapping properties and characteristics

52
Q

prototypes of a concept

A

the most familiar and best example of that category/concept

53
Q

exemplar of a concept

A

all examples of that category-based on experiences

54
Q

schema

A

mental blueprint; ways we organize knowledge into a mental concept; guide to your behaviour; organize knowledge and guide cognitive processes and behaviour

55
Q

scrips

A

schema that directions behaviour over time within a situation; sequence of expected behaviours

56
Q

problem solving

A

barrier between where you are and where you want to be

57
Q

functional fixedness

A

in problem solving, having fixed ideas about the typical functions of objects

58
Q

algorithms

A

automatically generate correct solutions; guide to the correct answer

59
Q

heuristic

A

general problem-solving strategies

60
Q

means-ends analysis

A

identify differences between present situation and desired state

61
Q

subgoal analysis

A

the purpose of the set of steps to reach goal

62
Q

availability heuristic

A

mental shortcut relying on psychologically easily imagined examples instead of facts; tendency to estimate the likelihood or importance of something based on how easily we can think of an example

63
Q

confirmation bias

A

look for evidence that will confirm beliefs

64
Q

intelligence

A

the ability to acquire knowledge, to think and reason effectively, and to adapt

65
Q

intelligence is a _____

A

construct- make it up and define it

66
Q

Binet’s assumptions for intelliegence

A

mental abilities develop with age; rate in which people gain competence

67
Q

mental age

A

child’s intellectual standing compared that of same age group

68
Q

Stanford-Binet and Wechsler Scales for intelligence

A

relies on verbal and performance abilities- more on verbal

69
Q

the psychometric approach

A

attempts to map intelligence and performance

70
Q

achievement tests

A

how much someone knows

71
Q

aptitude tests

A

potential for future learning

72
Q

G-factor

A

general intelligence; factor that contributed to performance on any intellectual task, such as educational success and work success (and sometimes also health); if you do well on one intelligence test, you’re likely to do well on another type

73
Q

Primary mental abilities

A

7 distinct abilities and skills people have and are tested on for intelligence

74
Q

fluid intelligence

A

deal with novel situations without previous knowledge; problem solving

75
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

retrieve info and experience to apply previously learned knowledge

76
Q

Carroll’s three-stratum model

A

describes intelligence as consisting of three strata/levels; narrow abilities (stratum I), broad abilities (stratum II) and general abilities (stratum III); correlation of individual-difference variables from data

77
Q

eight relatively interdependent intelligences

A

proposed that there are eight types of intelligences that are independent from one another

78
Q

Triarchic theory of intelligence

A

a theory of intelligence in which three key abilities—analytical, creative, and practical and are comprised of meta-, performance, and knowledge-acquisition components

79
Q

The mayer-salovey-caruso emotional intelligence test

A

the four branches of emotion detection and control abilities; ability for one to be aware and respond to emotions; perceiving, facilitate thought, understanding, managing

80
Q

the flynn effect

A

a secular increase in population IQ observed throughout the 20th century. The changes were rapid, with measured intelligence typically increasing by around three IQ points per decade

81
Q

raven progessive matrice

A

a non-verbal test typically used to measure general human intelligence and abstract reasoning and is regarded as a non-verbal estimate of fluid intelligence; doesn’t rely on traditional knowledge or schooling-just problem solving

82
Q

reliability=______

A

conistency

83
Q

test-retest reliability

A

same score on same test taken twice

84
Q

internal consistency

A

stuff on the test should measure/test the same thing and are related

85
Q

interjudge reliability

A

consistency of measurement when different people score the same test

86
Q

validity=______

A

accuracy

87
Q

construct validity

A

if the test measures what it’s supposed to measure

88
Q

content validity

A

does the items on teest measure knowledge or skills that comprise the construct

89
Q

criterion-related validity

A

how well does test score predict criterion measures

90
Q

neural measures of intelligence

A

correlation between IQ and electrical responses

91
Q

brain plasticity

A

the ability for the brain to change by forming new connections among neurons in response to input from our environment; processing speed efficiency

92
Q

intellectually gifted

A

tend to be gifted in one aspect but normal in everything else; high IQ

93
Q

intellectually disabled

A

mild, moderate, severe, or profound; low IQ and struggles with every day tasks

94
Q

Eminence

A

highly developed abilities; creative problem solving; motivation

95
Q

case study

A

the descriptive research method that involves intense examination of an atypical person

PSYCH 105 (6 decks)

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