Chapter 8-Personality Flashcards
what is personality?
enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize a person’s response to situations
behaviours attributed to personality
-components of identity
-perceived internal cause
-percieved organization and structure
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
he believed that the unconscious part of the mind exerts a lot of influence on our behaviour
psychic energy
what Freud believes powers the mind and pushes for either direct or indirect releases
mental events in our mind are:
conscious,preconscious, and unconscious
Id structure of personality
innermost core of personality and has no direct contact with reality
-cannot satisfy directly
-pleasure principle=seeks immediate gratification
ego structure of personality
-reality principle-tests reality when id can discharge its impulses
-delay gratification
superego structure of personality
morals
-internalized ideals
-block gratification
conscious
awareness of current environment
preconscious
aware but can’t be recalled;availible to awareness
unconscious
the wishes/impulses that we’re unaware of
defense mechanisms ______ reality and operate ______
distort;unconsciously
displacement
when acceptable or dangerous impulse is repressed then redirected to another target
repression
ego uses energy to stop thoughts coming into consciousness
sublimation
where different and negative drives are channeld into acceptable behaviours
regression
retreats into infantile stage of life when overwhelmed
denial
refusal to believe
projection
impulse is attributed to other people
-see/project your bad qualities in other people
pyschosexual development
personality developed through a series of childhood stages in which pleasure seeking energies from the child became focused on certain erogenous areas.
oral stage
age:
erogenous zone:
key task:
age:0-2
erogenous zone: mouth
key task: derive pleasure from oral activities, weaning (go from breast milk to other fluids/foods)
anal stage
age:
erogenous zone:
key task:
age: 2-3
erogenous zone: anus
key task: toilet training
phallic stage
age:
erogenous zone:
key task:
age: 4-6
erogenous zone: genitals
key task: boys are more attached to thier mother while girls are more attatched to their father; resolve oedipus complex
latency stage
age:
erogenous zone:
key task:
age: 7-puberty
erogenous zone: none
key task: develop social relationships with others
genital stage
age:
erogenous zone:
key task:
age: beyond pubery
erogenous zone: genitals
key task: develop mature social and sexual partners
neoanalytic approach
The neo-Freudians were psychologists whose work followed from Freud’s. They generally agreed with Freud that childhood experiences matter, but they decreased the emphasis on sex as a source of energy and conflict while focusing more on the social environment and effects of culture on personality.
-Alder was motivated by social interest and strived for superiority
humanistic approach
humanists embrace and emphasize the good of the human
-reaching self actualization, our best version of ourselves=abraham maslow
George Kelly’s personal constuct theory
believed that the primary goal of our lives is to make sense out of the world by finding personal meaning in the world
-how people construct their reality
personal constructs
cognitive categories which sort the people and events in their lives
-basis for individual differences
Carl Rogers Self Theory
believed that behaviour is a response to our immediate conscious experience of self and the environment
-the forces that direct our behaviours are within us
-idea of self concept
-an increased level of congruence is needed between the self-worth, real self, and ideal self.
self concept
organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about yourself
-consistency and congruence with our self perceptions
-guide perceptions then direct behaviours
anything that is going to interrupt our self concept in terms of self-congruence is going to cause _____
anxiety
high self esteem
fewer interpersonal problems and higher achievement
poor self esteem
anxiety, depression, poor achievement, and relationships
need for positive regard
need for acceptance, sympathy, and love
-experience bring understood and valued gives freedom to grow
-lack of creates condtions of worth
conditions of worth
dictates when we approve or disapprove of ourselves
self-verification
motivated to confirm to self concept and seek out self-confirming relationships
-people want others to see them how they see themselves
self enchancement
tendency to preserve positive self image and maintain self esteem
factor analysis
each dimension of personality trait reflects a continuum of behaviour
Eysenck’s extraversion stability model
has 3 dimensions that are independent of each other
-extraversion/introversion
-neuroticism (instability)/stability
-psychoticism/ socialized (self control)
the five factor model
OCEAN
openness, contscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
evidence for biological perspective
-extraversion and introversion have different arousal patterns in our brains
-neuroticism also has large shifts in arousal
-differences in dopamin and serotonin
Julian Rotter social cognitive theory
-behaviour is governed by _____ and ______
-reciprocal determinism=_________
behaviour is governed by expectancy and reinforcement
-personality represents an interaction of the individual with his or her environment. behaviour and environment all influence each other
locus of control
an idividual’s sense of the underlying principal causes of occurrences in his or her life; can be internal or external
human agency
humans are active agents in their own lives and that we’re not at the mercy of our environments
factors of human agency
intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, self-reflectiveness
self-efficacy
person’s beliefs concerning ability to perform bheaviours needed to achieve outcomes
what influences self-efficacy
past performance experiences, observational learning, verbal persuasion, emotional arousal
interviews
structured set of questions
-note behaviours such as appearance and speech patterns
behavioural assessment
studies frequency of behaviours, specific situations
personality scales
use standard questions and agreed upon scoring key
projective tests
interpretation of image=projection of inner workings
-inkblots and thematic apperception test
thematic apperception test
ambiguous illustrations and asked to tell a story
-themes that may relfect something about someone’s personality
who uses what tools?
psychodynamic=
humanistic=
social-cognitive=
biological=
trait theorists=
psychodynamic=projective tests
humanistic=self report measures
social-cognitive=behavioural assessments
biological=physiological measurements
trait theorists=inventories
