Chapter 7-Social Psych Flashcards
in groups
groups that people belong to
out groups
groups that people do not belong to
membership is based on two things:
reciprocity and transitivity
prejudice
“us-them” thinking and attitude
in group favouritism
attribute positive qualities to your in group
out group derogation
attribute negative qualities to out group
realistic conflict theory
competition for limited resources foster prejudice
-worsens hostility towards minority groups/out groups
-feeling threats to their in group
social identity theory
people have a sense of pride within their group membership
-prejudice stems from a need to enchance self esteem
stereotype
schema that makes processing easy
-categorize groups
-based on membership to certain groups
subtyping
a person that happens to be an exception to a stereotype
stereotype threat
-stereotypes create this fear and self-consciousness among groups that they are going to live up to other people’s stereotypes and confirm them
-create a change in behaviour
attributions
explanations for different events and people’s different behaviours
-understand why things happen
personal attributions
behaviour is caused by characteristics and internal factors such as traits, moods, and efforts
situational attributions
behaviour is caused by situations
-luck,accidents, actions of others
fundamental attribution error
underestimate situational factors and overestimate personal factors
individual cultures have more _____ attributions while collectivist cultures consider more ______ attributions
personal;situational
nonverbal behaviour
looking at someone and within a few seconds, interpret what is it that they’re conveying with their non-verbal defense
four psychological reasons for affliliation (connection)
-obtain positive stimulation
-receive emotional support
-gain attention
-social comparison
PEAS
p=postive stimulation
e=emotional support
a=attention
s=social comparison
social relations
-spend more time with other people
-high need for affiliation
-strong sense of community and engagement
-fear of being abandoned
initial attraction
why do you want to be with some people and not others
-see people as reliable and competent
physical proximity
how often are you physically near each other
mere exposure effect
familiarity/ how often you see each other
attractiveness
more likely to assume positive characteristics with those who are physically attractive
passionate love
intense and sexual
compassionate love
caring, commitment, supporting
triangular theory of love/consummate love
intimacy, passion, and commitment
social loafing
do not put in much work when in a group
-failing to pull your weight
collective effort model- low effort in a group because:
- individual performance is not being monitored
- goal or task has little value
- group is less important
- task is simple and persons effort is redundant
group polarization
average opinion of group becomes more extreme
normative social influence
causes group polarization due to fear of looking silly
-when a person conforms in order to be accepted and belong to a group
-conform to beliefs
-try to gain approval
informational social influence
causes group polarization
-when things are uncertain, ppl will look at the group for how to respond, what to think, and what to do
groupthink
when a group ignores critical thinking when seeking agreement
groupthink causes
- high stress
- insulation from outside input
- directive leader who promotes his or her personal agenda
- high group cohesion
conformity and obedience
adjustment of behaviours, attitudes, beliefs to a group standard
factors that affect conformity
group size
presense of a dissenter
type of culture
minority influence
compliance
tendency to agree to do things that people ask of you
norm of reciprocity
expectation that when others treat us well, we should treat them well too
door in the face technique
make a large request then follow up with a smaller request
foot in the door technique
obtain a small request then later present a larger request
attitudes
positive or negative evaluative reactions toward a stimulus
two factors in attitude
- are aware of attitudes and strongly held attitudes
2.attitudes predict general behaviour
cognitive dissonance theory
psychological tension is created when an individual’s behavior is inconsistent with his or her thoughts and belief
-strive for consistency
counter attitundinal behaviour
behavior that is inconsistent with an attitude.
-do something against what we believe in
persuasion
active and conscious effort to change an attitude or behaviour through a message
three things persuasion includes
communicator, message, and audience
the mere presence others can…
enchance or hinder performance
eusocial
animals that live in groups, cooperative care of juveniles, multiple generations, division of labor
aggression
any behaviour that involves intention to harm another
frustration-aggression hypothesis
frustration leads to aggression and all aggression is a result of frustration
-disproven
factors of aggressive behaiours
-self justification
-attritbution of intentionality
-degree of empathy
biological factors of aggression
-testosterone levels are higher
-disruption to serotonin leads to impulsivity=agression
-MAOA
-culture of honor=mans importance to react violently to protect
prosocial behaviours
behaviour that has the intent of benefitting others
who do we help?
-people who are similar to us
just world hypothesis
some people get what they deserve
-view the world as fair
