Chapter 7-Social Psych

Question 1

in groups

Answer 1

groups that people belong to

Question 2

out groups

Answer 2

groups that people do not belong to

Question 3

membership is based on two things:

Answer 3

reciprocity and transitivity

Question 4

prejudice

Answer 4

“us-them” thinking and attitude

Question 5

in group favouritism

Answer 5

attribute positive qualities to your in group

Question 6

out group derogation

Answer 6

attribute negative qualities to out group

Question 7

realistic conflict theory

Answer 7

competition for limited resources foster prejudice
-worsens hostility towards minority groups/out groups
-feeling threats to their in group

Question 8

social identity theory

Answer 8

people have a sense of pride within their group membership
-prejudice stems from a need to enchance self esteem

Question 9

stereotype

Answer 9

schema that makes processing easy
-categorize groups
-based on membership to certain groups

Question 10

subtyping

Answer 10

a person that happens to be an exception to a stereotype

Question 11

stereotype threat

Answer 11

-stereotypes create this fear and self-consciousness among groups that they are going to live up to other people’s stereotypes and confirm them
-create a change in behaviour

Question 12

attributions

Answer 12

explanations for different events and people’s different behaviours
-understand why things happen

Question 13

personal attributions

Answer 13

behaviour is caused by characteristics and internal factors such as traits, moods, and efforts

Question 14

situational attributions

Answer 14

behaviour is caused by situations
-luck,accidents, actions of others

Question 15

fundamental attribution error

Answer 15

underestimate situational factors and overestimate personal factors

Question 16

individual cultures have more _____ attributions while collectivist cultures consider more ______ attributions

Answer 16

personal;situational

Question 17

nonverbal behaviour

Answer 17

looking at someone and within a few seconds, interpret what is it that they’re conveying with their non-verbal defense

Question 18

four psychological reasons for affliliation (connection)

Answer 18

-obtain positive stimulation
-receive emotional support
-gain attention
-social comparison

PEAS
p=postive stimulation
e=emotional support
a=attention
s=social comparison

Question 19

social relations

Answer 19

-spend more time with other people
-high need for affiliation
-strong sense of community and engagement
-fear of being abandoned

Question 20

initial attraction

Answer 20

why do you want to be with some people and not others
-see people as reliable and competent

Question 21

physical proximity

Answer 21

how often are you physically near each other

Question 22

mere exposure effect

Answer 22

familiarity/ how often you see each other

Question 23

attractiveness

Answer 23

more likely to assume positive characteristics with those who are physically attractive

Question 24

passionate love

Answer 24

intense and sexual

Question 25

compassionate love

Answer 25

caring, commitment, supporting

Question 26

triangular theory of love/consummate love

Answer 26

intimacy, passion, and commitment

Question 27

social loafing

Answer 27

do not put in much work when in a group -failing to pull your weight

Question 28

collective effort model- low effort in a group because:

Answer 28

1. individual performance is not being monitored 2. goal or task has little value 3. group is less important 4. task is simple and persons effort is redundant

Question 29

group polarization

Answer 29

average opinion of group becomes more extreme

Question 30

normative social influence

Answer 30

causes group polarization due to fear of looking silly -when a person conforms in order to be accepted and belong to a group -conform to beliefs -try to gain approval

Question 31

informational social influence

Answer 31

causes group polarization -when things are uncertain, ppl will look at the group for how to respond, what to think, and what to do

Question 32

groupthink

Answer 32

when a group ignores critical thinking when seeking agreement

Question 33

groupthink causes

Answer 33

1. high stress 2. insulation from outside input 3. directive leader who promotes his or her personal agenda 4. high group cohesion

Question 34

conformity and obedience

Answer 34

adjustment of behaviours, attitudes, beliefs to a group standard

Question 35

factors that affect conformity

Answer 35

group size presense of a dissenter type of culture minority influence

Question 36

compliance

Answer 36

tendency to agree to do things that people ask of you

Question 37

norm of reciprocity

Answer 37

expectation that when others treat us well, we should treat them well too

Question 38

door in the face technique

Answer 38

make a large request then follow up with a smaller request

Question 39

foot in the door technique

Answer 39

obtain a small request then later present a larger request

Question 40

attitudes

Answer 40

positive or negative evaluative reactions toward a stimulus

Question 41

two factors in attitude

Answer 41

1. are aware of attitudes and strongly held attitudes 2.attitudes predict general behaviour

Question 42

cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 42

psychological tension is created when an individual's behavior is inconsistent with his or her thoughts and belief -strive for consistency

Question 43

counter attitundinal behaviour

Answer 43

behavior that is inconsistent with an attitude. -do something against what we believe in

Question 44

persuasion

Answer 44

active and conscious effort to change an attitude or behaviour through a message

Question 45

three things persuasion includes

Answer 45

communicator, message, and audience

Question 46

the mere presence others can...

Answer 46

enchance or hinder performance

Question 47

eusocial

Answer 47

animals that live in groups, cooperative care of juveniles, multiple generations, division of labor

Question 48

aggression

Answer 48

any behaviour that involves intention to harm another

Question 49

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 49

frustration leads to aggression and all aggression is a result of frustration -disproven

Question 50

factors of aggressive behaiours

Answer 50

-self justification -attritbution of intentionality -degree of empathy

Question 51

biological factors of aggression

Answer 51

-testosterone levels are higher -disruption to serotonin leads to impulsivity=agression -MAOA -culture of honor=mans importance to react violently to protect

Question 52

prosocial behaviours

Answer 52

behaviour that has the intent of benefitting others

Question 53

who do we help?

Answer 53

-people who are similar to us

Question 54

just world hypothesis

Answer 54

some people get what they deserve -view the world as fair