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PSYCH 105 > Chapter 4- Developmental Psych > Flashcards

Chapter 4- Developmental Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

developmental psychology

A

changes in biological, physical, psychological, and behavioural processes

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2
Q

critical period

A

age where experiences must occur to develop normally

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3
Q

sensitive periods

A

optimal age range to learn something

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4
Q

cross sectional research

A

compares different ages at the same time

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5
Q

longitudinal research design

A

test same cohort at different times

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6
Q

sequential research design

A

combination of cross sectional and longitudinal design

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7
Q

germinal stage

A

-first 2 weeks after conception
-zygote attatches to uterine wall

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8
Q

embryonic stage

A

-2nd-8th week
-placenta and umbiical cord develops
-organs and system begins to develop

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9
Q

fetal stage

A

-begins at 9th week
-28 weeks=age of viability

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10
Q

Y chromosomes contains ______ and the critical period is 6-8 weeks

A

TDF

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11
Q

teratogens

A

environmental agents that may cause abnormal fetal development

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12
Q

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

A

cognitive, behvaioural, and physical deficits and developmental abnormalities caused by prenature exposure to alcohol

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13
Q

William James (1890) suggested that the newborn’s world and mind are

A

passive, disorganized and have an empty mind
-view is no longer valid

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14
Q

how do we know what newborns can see

A

preferential looking prcedure
-measures how long an infant looks at a stimulus

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15
Q

preferential looking procedure

A

measure how long infant looks at a stimulus and determine when detail becomes interesting

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16
Q

newborns can see a range of colours by ____ months and prefer _____ stimuli

A

three;patterned

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17
Q

newborns orient to ______

A

significant stimuli

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18
Q

sound localization

A

ability to localize sounds
-disapears at 4 months and reappears at 6 months

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19
Q

phoneme discrimination

A

ability to detect changes in speech sounds
-disappears by 1 year of age

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20
Q

music perception

A

-shows similar responses of consonant and dissonant patterns as adults
-can remember short melodies

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21
Q

habituation procedure

A

based on the assumption that infants’ looking is influenced by novelty, and that infants look longer during test at novel items

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22
Q

imitation

A

newborns imitate adult facial expressions

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23
Q

cephalocaudal principle

A

development is from head to foot

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24
Q

proximodistal principle

A

development is from innermost to outer

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25
Q

stage like development

A

age of aquiring skill differs, but the sequence is the same
-some have U-shaped function

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26
Q

Piaget’s Stage theory

A

when an infant experiences an event or transitions from one stage to another
-brain build schemas

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27
Q

schema

A

a concept or framework that the child is using to understand a particular experience

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28
Q

assimiliation

A

incorporates the new object or experience with an already existing behaviour/schema

29
Q

accomodation

A

how infants explore the environment and learn and develop through the stages they assimilate
-i.e: new experiences cause existing schemas to change

30
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

understand world through sensory experiences and physical interactions with knowledge
-begin to acuire language
-do not have object permanence

31
Q

object permanence

A

objects continue to exist even when they can no longer be seen

32
Q

preoperational stage

A

2-7 yrs old
-world represented symbolically through words and mental images to enable prent play
-do not understand conservation
-reflects egocentrism

33
Q

egocentrism

A

difficulty in taking someone else’s perspective

34
Q

concrete operational stage

A

ages 7-12
-easily perform basic mental operational problems and situations about the physical world
-understand cause and effect and conservation
-difficulty with abstract reasoning

35
Q

formal operational stage

A

ages 11/12
- think logically about concrete and abstract problems
-form and test hypothesis

36
Q

theory of mind

A

a person’s belief about the mind and the ability to understand other people’s mental states
-evidence:lying and deception

37
Q

zone of proximal development

A

difference between what children can do independently and what they can do with assistance
-provides insight into cognitive abilities that are maturing

38
Q

information processing approaches

A

-cognitive development is a continuous gradual process that grows as info processing abilities become more efficient
-does not occur stage by stage
-becomes faster and attention span/memory skills improve with age

39
Q

emotion

A

array of reactions/responses that reflect affective states that can last for various amounts of time

40
Q

emotion regulation

A

process by which we evaluate and modify our emotional reactions

41
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial theory

A

8 major psychosocial stages with various crises relevant at specifc ages that need to be resolved

42
Q

attachment

A

strong emotional bond between children and primary caregivers

43
Q

imprinting

A

biological primed form of attachment

44
Q

indiscriminate attachment

A

newborns express their needs to anyone

45
Q

discriminate attachment

A

infant gets familiar with caregiver and expects them to feed into their needs rather than strangers (3months)

46
Q

specific attachment behaviour

A

knows that one specific person is safe (7-8 months)

47
Q

separation anxiety

A

distress over being serparated from primary caregiver

48
Q

secure attachment

A

explore and react postively to strangers
-distressed when mother leaves and happy when she returns

49
Q

anxious resistant

A

fearful when mother is present and leaves

50
Q

anxious avoidant

A

show few signs of attatchment

51
Q

authoritative parents

A

-controlling but warm
-most postive childhood outcomes

52
Q

authoritarian parents

A

-extert control but cold
-causes poor self esteem and performance

53
Q

indulgent parenting

A

warm and caring but don’t provide guidance and discipline
-children immature and self centered

54
Q

neglectful parents

A

not warm, no rules of guidance

55
Q

gender constancy

A

around 6-7 years, understand gender as something permanent

56
Q

sex typing

A

involves treating others differently based on whether they are female or male

57
Q

what influences internal regulatory mechanism (conscience)

A

-internalizing societal values
-termperament
-learning
-attachment
-emotional regulation

58
Q

adolescence

A

period of gradual change between childhood and adulthood

59
Q

puberty

A

-rapid maturation in which a person becomes capable of reproduction

60
Q

adolescent egocentrism- overestimation

A

overestimating uniqueness of ones feelings and experiences

61
Q

adolescent egocentrism-oversensitivity to social evaulation

A

feeling self conscous thinking that everybody is going to notice or evaluate them

62
Q

formal operational thought

A

use deductive reasoning to solve scientific problems systematically

63
Q

post-formal operational thinking

A

allows for new and more complex ways people can reason logically about opposing points of view
-accept contradictions and irreconcilable differences

64
Q

in adulthood= ______processing speed but is more _____

A

slower;accurate

65
Q

identity diffusion

A

no identity crisis yet; uncommited to a role

66
Q

foreclosure

A

adopting a role without going through a identity crisis

67
Q

moratorium

A

current identity crisis;not resolved

68
Q

identity achievement

A

gone through identiy crisis; successfully resolved

69
Q

storm and stress

A

a time in development in which trouble – with behavior, emotions, and relationships, especially with parents – is at a peak.

PSYCH 105 (6 decks)

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