Chapter 4- Developmental Psych Flashcards
developmental psychology
changes in biological, physical, psychological, and behavioural processes
critical period
age where experiences must occur to develop normally
sensitive periods
optimal age range to learn something
cross sectional research
compares different ages at the same time
longitudinal research design
test same cohort at different times
sequential research design
combination of cross sectional and longitudinal design
germinal stage
-first 2 weeks after conception
-zygote attatches to uterine wall
embryonic stage
-2nd-8th week
-placenta and umbiical cord develops
-organs and system begins to develop
fetal stage
-begins at 9th week
-28 weeks=age of viability
Y chromosomes contains ______ and the critical period is 6-8 weeks
TDF
teratogens
environmental agents that may cause abnormal fetal development
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
cognitive, behvaioural, and physical deficits and developmental abnormalities caused by prenature exposure to alcohol
William James (1890) suggested that the newborn’s world and mind are
passive, disorganized and have an empty mind
-view is no longer valid
how do we know what newborns can see
preferential looking prcedure
-measures how long an infant looks at a stimulus
preferential looking procedure
measure how long infant looks at a stimulus and determine when detail becomes interesting
newborns can see a range of colours by ____ months and prefer _____ stimuli
three;patterned
newborns orient to ______
significant stimuli
sound localization
ability to localize sounds
-disapears at 4 months and reappears at 6 months
phoneme discrimination
ability to detect changes in speech sounds
-disappears by 1 year of age
music perception
-shows similar responses of consonant and dissonant patterns as adults
-can remember short melodies
habituation procedure
based on the assumption that infants’ looking is influenced by novelty, and that infants look longer during test at novel items
imitation
newborns imitate adult facial expressions
cephalocaudal principle
development is from head to foot
proximodistal principle
development is from innermost to outer
stage like development
age of aquiring skill differs, but the sequence is the same
-some have U-shaped function
Piaget’s Stage theory
when an infant experiences an event or transitions from one stage to another
-brain build schemas
schema
a concept or framework that the child is using to understand a particular experience
assimiliation
incorporates the new object or experience with an already existing behaviour/schema
accomodation
how infants explore the environment and learn and develop through the stages they assimilate
-i.e: new experiences cause existing schemas to change
sensorimotor stage
understand world through sensory experiences and physical interactions with knowledge
-begin to acuire language
-do not have object permanence
object permanence
objects continue to exist even when they can no longer be seen
preoperational stage
2-7 yrs old
-world represented symbolically through words and mental images to enable prent play
-do not understand conservation
-reflects egocentrism
egocentrism
difficulty in taking someone else’s perspective
concrete operational stage
ages 7-12
-easily perform basic mental operational problems and situations about the physical world
-understand cause and effect and conservation
-difficulty with abstract reasoning
formal operational stage
ages 11/12
- think logically about concrete and abstract problems
-form and test hypothesis
theory of mind
a person’s belief about the mind and the ability to understand other people’s mental states
-evidence:lying and deception
zone of proximal development
difference between what children can do independently and what they can do with assistance
-provides insight into cognitive abilities that are maturing
information processing approaches
-cognitive development is a continuous gradual process that grows as info processing abilities become more efficient
-does not occur stage by stage
-becomes faster and attention span/memory skills improve with age
emotion
array of reactions/responses that reflect affective states that can last for various amounts of time
emotion regulation
process by which we evaluate and modify our emotional reactions
Erikson’s psychosocial theory
8 major psychosocial stages with various crises relevant at specifc ages that need to be resolved
attachment
strong emotional bond between children and primary caregivers
imprinting
biological primed form of attachment
indiscriminate attachment
newborns express their needs to anyone
discriminate attachment
infant gets familiar with caregiver and expects them to feed into their needs rather than strangers (3months)
specific attachment behaviour
knows that one specific person is safe (7-8 months)
separation anxiety
distress over being serparated from primary caregiver
secure attachment
explore and react postively to strangers
-distressed when mother leaves and happy when she returns
anxious resistant
fearful when mother is present and leaves
anxious avoidant
show few signs of attatchment
authoritative parents
-controlling but warm
-most postive childhood outcomes
authoritarian parents
-extert control but cold
-causes poor self esteem and performance
indulgent parenting
warm and caring but don’t provide guidance and discipline
-children immature and self centered
neglectful parents
not warm, no rules of guidance
gender constancy
around 6-7 years, understand gender as something permanent
sex typing
involves treating others differently based on whether they are female or male
what influences internal regulatory mechanism (conscience)
-internalizing societal values
-termperament
-learning
-attachment
-emotional regulation
adolescence
period of gradual change between childhood and adulthood
puberty
-rapid maturation in which a person becomes capable of reproduction
adolescent egocentrism- overestimation
overestimating uniqueness of ones feelings and experiences
adolescent egocentrism-oversensitivity to social evaulation
feeling self conscous thinking that everybody is going to notice or evaluate them
formal operational thought
use deductive reasoning to solve scientific problems systematically
post-formal operational thinking
allows for new and more complex ways people can reason logically about opposing points of view
-accept contradictions and irreconcilable differences
in adulthood= ______processing speed but is more _____
slower;accurate
identity diffusion
no identity crisis yet; uncommited to a role
foreclosure
adopting a role without going through a identity crisis
moratorium
current identity crisis;not resolved
identity achievement
gone through identiy crisis; successfully resolved
storm and stress
a time in development in which trouble – with behavior, emotions, and relationships, especially with parents – is at a peak.
