Chapter 5-Disorders Flashcards
historical persepective on abnormal behaviour
result of supernatural forces
-treatment=trephination (hole in the skull)
what is abnormal behaviour
behaviour that is personally distressing, dysfunctional, and culturally deviant
-innapropriate or maladaptive
vulnerability-stress model/diathesis-stress model
everyone has a vulnerability for a disorder, given sufficient stress
DSM-5
-diagnostic classification system
-detailed behaviour must be present for diagnosis
comorbidity
overlap in psych disorders
P-factor
measure of psychopathy in all types of disorders
-associated with more life impairment (higher P value=worse symptoms and vise versa)
cultural context
how we tend to diagnose people
internalizing disorder vs externalizing disorder
internalizing-characterized by negative emotions
externalizing-high impulse and out of control
emotional symptoms of anxiety
feelings of tension, apprehension (fear something bad will happen)
cognitive symptoms of anxiety
worrying, thoughts about inability to cope (anxiety about anxiety)
physiologicial symptoms of anxiety
increased heart rate, muscle tension, other autonomic arousal symptoms
-continously arousing nervous system
behavioural symptoms of anxiety
affects daily life
-avoidance of feared situations
-decreased task performance
-increased startle response
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
constantly anxious about everything
-a lot of apprehension
-always alert and ready for something to be wrong
phobic disorder
strong, exaggerated fear to a specific thing
-irrational fear that they feel hopeless and make a lot of effort to avoid
-can’t get rid of on ur own
-comorbididty with anxiety
cognitive and behavioural components of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
cognitive-repeated, unwanted, and obsessive thoughts that are intrustive and can’t get rid of
behavioural-compulisive and repetitive behaviours in an attempt to reduce anxiety
casual factors in anxiety:
biological factors:
-_______
-low levels of _______ and serotonin
Differences in sex or gender
-________exhibit more anxiety
Possible explanations: sex-linked biological disposition
Evolutionary factors
Psychological factors:
-psychoanalytic explanations
-cognitive explanations: _____thoughts and beliefs
genetics; GABA; females; maladaptive
anorexia nervosa
-intense fear or being fat
-severely restrict food intake
bulimia nervosa
binge and purge
personality factors for anorexics and bulimcs
anorexics-high achievement standards
bulimic-depressed, anxious
emotional symptoms of depression
sadness, hopelessness, anxiety, misery, inability to enjoy things, loneliness
cognitive symptoms of depression
negative thoughts about self, world and future, low self esteem
motivational symptoms of depression
loss of interest for things, lack of drive, difficult starting anything
somatic symptoms of depression
loss of appetite, lack of energy, sleep difficulties, weight loss/gain
manic state
euphoric mood
-hyperative/no sleep
-rapid speech
Bipolar I disorder
extreme manic episodes + some depressive episodes
bipolar II disorder
mildly elevated moods (hypomania) +depression episodes
casual factors in depression
-genetics
-underactivity of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin
casual factors in bipolar disorder
-stronger genetic component
-overproduction of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin
depressive cognitive triad
negative thoughts concerning
-the world, oneself, and the future
-cannot be suppressed
hypochondriasis (illness anxiety disorder)
think that a physical symptom means more than it actually is
functional neurological symptom disorder
feel loss of sensation, blindness
-glove anesthesia
schizophrenia type I
positive symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disordered speech
schizohphrenia type II
negative symptoms such as lack of emotion and expression
schizophrenia symptoms
-delusions
-hallucinations
-disorganized behaviour (language)
-lack of apthathy, emotion, and movement
schizophrenia bio factors
-genetics
-brain-enlarged ventricles, atrophy (loss of neurons in different parts of the brain)
-dopamine hypothesis-overactivity of dopamine system
environmental factors in schizophrenia
-high stress events
-family dynamics
-high expressed emotion
social causation hypothesis
higher levels of stress among low income
social drift hypothesis
as personal and occupational functioning deteriorates=drift down socio-economic ladder
dissociative amnesia
selective memory loss following trauma
dissociative fugue
loss of all personal identity after very stressful event that goes on for hours to years
-create a new life and wake up not remembering old life before event
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
2 or more separate personalities called alters that are unique from one another
-caused by severe traumatic experience in early childhood
personality disorders
exhibit stable, ingrained, inflexible, and maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling and behaving
antisocial personality disorder
-lack of conscience, concern
-little anxiety and guilt
-highly manipulative,
-disregards laws and rules
-developed in childhood
factors in antisocial personality disorder
- Biological factors
- Genetic predisposition
- Dysfunction in brain structures
- MRI - prefrontal cortex
- Psychological and environmental factors
- Psychodynamic view
- Lack of a superego
- Learning explanations
- No conditioned fear responses
when punished - Exposure to deviant peers
borderline personality disorder (BPD)
-instability in behaviour, emotion, and identity
-emotional dysregulation
-intense and unstable personal relationships
-impulsive behaviours
factors for BPD
- Chaotic personal histories
- Treated malevolently
- First memories are negative
- Caregivers – abusive, rejecting, non-affirming
- Biological factors
