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PSY 102 > Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

psychology is NOT

A
  • reading people’s mind
  • common sense
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2
Q

What are the four goals of Psychology ?

A
  • describe: what, where, when of mental process
  • why: why do we get jealous
  • predict: when do people discriminate
  • limit: Harmful behavior
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3
Q

6 steps of the scientific method?

A
  • observe ( we observe the phenomenon)
    • if I notice that some kids are rough when they play, but others are more calm
  • hypothesis
    • I hypothesize….children are more aggressive because they play more violent video games
    • there are often more than 1 hypothesis
  • predict
    • during the next school year, if I see which kids play video games, I’ll know who’s being more violent
  • test
    • I’ll measure how many games they play during the summer, I’ll ask the teachers to keep track of violent behaviour. then I can check if my data supports the hypothesis
    • I can also have a sample group, one playing video games, the other read a book. Who will be more violent
  • Modify
    • if I made the kids read the book, they would be more aggressive
    • It’s okay for your data to not support
    • come up with another hypothesis
      • Repeat
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4
Q

types of psychologists

A
  • Research
  • Applied
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5
Q

How to spot pseudoscience?

A

You know it’s pseudoscience
exaggerated claims blowing these minds
overreliance on anecdotes
no peer review is that a hoax
got the data going ghost

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6
Q

What are the dangers of pseudoscience ?

A

opportunity costs
Erodes trust
Harm
Inability to think scientifically as citizens

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7
Q

Why we believe pseudoscience?

A

sunk cost fee
conformation bias
Dunning Kruger effect

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8
Q

What are opportunity costs?

A

if you are feeling distressed, you go to pseudoscience treatment and to to a professional

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9
Q

Eroded trust in science sounds like

A

Why trust science? They give you grantees, but in science, there is uncertainty

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10
Q

An example of Harm being caused due to pseudoscience

A

girl that lost her life because 673 pound man sat on her

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11
Q

What does it mean to have an Inability to think scientifically as citizens

A

you will always take the guarantee, but there in real science there is a variable that could go wrong

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12
Q

Why we believe pseudoscience?

A
  • sunk cost fee
  • conformation bias
  • Dunning Kruger effect
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13
Q

What is sunk cost fee?

A

you will fight for the left side, because you don’t want your belief to be wrong. Even if there is data to believe

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14
Q

What is conformation bias?

A

we attend info that confirms our beliefs, and avoid things that disapprove out beliefs

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15
Q

What is the Dunning Kruger effect?

A
  • experts believe that the more they know the less they know (depends on context)
  • but nauvicists is too confident inn their beliefs
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16
Q

What are Scientific principles

A
  • rival hypothesis
  • Correlation vs. causation
  • falsifiability/ testability
  • Replicability
  • Extraordinary claims
  • Parsimony (Occam’s Razor
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17
Q

What is Parsimony (Occam’s Razor )

A
  • sometimes the simple answer is the best answer
  • pseudoscceince likes to make things complicated
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18
Q

Who developed the first Psychological theories?

A
  • Hippocrates developed one of the first psychological theories
  • people philosophized about psychology
  • psychology branch that developed from philosophy
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19
Q

What are the four Humors of

A
  • sanguine (enthusiastic, active, social)
    • blood
  • Choleric (aggressive, excess of yellow bile
    • Yellow bile
  • Melancholic (depression)
    • Black-bile
  • Phlegmatic
    • sympathetic behavior
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20
Q

Who discovered Hypnosis

A

Frans Anton Mesmer discovers hypnosis

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21
Q

Who was the Father of Psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt, creates the first psychology laboratory

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22
Q

Wilhelm wundut was a structuralist. Define structuralism

A

structuralism : examining and identifying the basic structure of the human experience

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23
Q

What are the limitations of Structuralism

A
  • Subjectivity
  • Imageless thought
  • Not enough to just describe our mental experiences
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24
Q

Who was a functionalist

A

William James

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25
Q

How would a functionalist think about pain? a structuralist?

A
  • A structuralist would want to know the experience of pain
  • A functionalist would ask why we feel pain?
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26
Q

Who was a female psychologist ?

A

Mary Whiton Calkins: first woman president of APA

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27
Q

Was Sigmund Freud a psychologist?

A

no.

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28
Q

what did Sigmund Freud believe about the unconscious

A
  • Mind is like an Iceberg
  • bulk of it is hidden underneath the surface
  • and the little part is the part that makes us conscious
  • What guides are emotions and behavior is the unconscious
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29
Q

Who used dream analysis and why?

A

Sigmund Freud used dream analyses: window to our conscious

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30
Q

Describe the Freudian Slip

A
  • he was in the states and giving lectures at the university
  • he heard two young women talking “ his two pubic lectures”
  • public lecture was meant
  • he assumed that she wanted to sleep to her
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31
Q

Who invented Behaviorism?

A
  • John Watson and Skinner

> if we can’t observe and measure, it’s not a science

  • they wanted to observe; observable behavior
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32
Q

Describe the cognitive revolution?

A

2 different responses, but same situation

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33
Q

Cognitive psychology states….

A
  • our mind as a computer
  • takes information as input
  • then processes through chips and circuits
  • The software was our problem solving strategies
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34
Q

Who invented Humanistic psychology?

A

Carl rogers, Abraham Maslow

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35
Q

What does Humanistic psychology state ?

A

All humans beings has the innate desire to self actualize and ability to become the best version of themselves

36
Q

What are Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

A
  • physiological needs
  • Safety needs
  • Belongingness and love needs
  • Esteem needs
  • Self actualization: full potential
37
Q

What is a case study?

A

study with one person or a small group of individuals

38
Q

Pros and Cons of using case study

A

pros: Existence proofs, in-depth results
cons: May not generalize out of the real world

39
Q

What is naturalistic observation

A

When we go to park and see how many people picked up something.

40
Q

Pros and cons of naturalistic observation

A

pros…
- high external validity
- Observe in natural context

Cons
- Observe in natural context
- Our behavior changes while being observed

41
Q

What is Archival Research

A

They are records, you look at all the archives and researches that already exist

42
Q

Pros and cons of Archival Research

A

pros..
- Less invasive
- You can collect research without having to talk to anybody

cons…
Lack of quality control
You lack control of what data is available

43
Q

What are surveys?

A
  • Questionnaires
  • You must find a way to objectively measure
44
Q

What are the pros and cons of Surveys

A

pros…
- Ease of administration
- Self report measures
- Random selection (you want to be able to make generalizations)

cons….
- response error bias
- Malingering ( faking good or faking bad)
- Ambiguity (How often to you feel happy?) ( many times?) what number is many?)

45
Q

What is a correlational study?

A
  • Relationship between two variables
  • Are changes in one variable related to changes on another
  • -1.0 perfect negative correlation
  • +1.0 perfect positive correlation
46
Q

What is Correlation by design?

A
  • people try to look for something to blame
  • but if nothing happens, they won’t try to blame anything
47
Q

What is an Experimental Design ?

A
  • one person told to take 20 dollars and spend on yourself
  • one person told to do donate it
  • the person who donated it was happier
48
Q

What is random assignment ?

A
  • you can’t choose which group you want to be in
  • help us eliminate bias
  • Manipulation: spend it on yourself or others
  • dependent variable: how money affects our happiness
  • independent is under the experimental control
  • dependent depends on the independent
49
Q

What is the Experimenter effect

A
  • bias in our observations
  • researchers don’t know who they are researching
  • DR. Rosenthal’s Maze bright and Maze dull rats
    • treated rats differently based on preconception
50
Q

Qausi - Experimental design

A
  • Not random Assignment
    • ethical concerns
  • Existing group emebership
    • Maritial status
    • ethnicity
    • childhood experience
51
Q

What are dendrites?

A
  • antenna of the neuron
    • receives chemical information from other neurons
52
Q

What is soma ?

A
  • contains the nucleus, keeps the neuron alive
  • factory of the neuron
53
Q

What is Axon?

A
  • messenger - specialized for sending messages to other neurons
  • Myelin sheath
54
Q

What does the Axon terminal do?

A

transforms electrical message to a chemical message - release of neurotransmitters

55
Q

What are Synaptic vesicles ?

A

tiny sacks, contains neurotransmitters that travel down length of Axon

56
Q

What is the Synapse ?

A

tiny fluid filled space between terminal button of one neuron and dendrite of another synaptic cleft

57
Q

what is resting potential ?

A
  • uneven distribution of charges particles +/- charge
  • there has to be a change of voltage that signals the
  • when the neuron is resting is -60 millivolts
58
Q

What is Threshold of excitation?

A
  • change in voltage needed to trigger an action potential (electric impulse)
  • Excitatory postsynaptic potentials
    • received enough messages, so sends it’s own
  • inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
59
Q

What is Action potential ?

A
  • universal language of neurons
  • Abrupt waves of electrical discharge
    • ions rush in, - ions rush out
  • All or none
    • once it fires it fires, there is no sending along a weaker signal
    • they work as an on off switch, not a dimmer
60
Q

What is Absolute refractory period ?

A

brief period when no further action potential can occur

61
Q

What is the Myelin sheath

A
  • insulated layer made up protein and fatty substances
  • nodes of Ranvier
  • can make the signal to travel faster through the process called saltatory conduction
62
Q

What is Saltatory conduction ?

A
  • allows action potential to “jump” between the Nodes of Ranvier
  • to skip between the nodes
63
Q

How many speeds do neurons have?

A

1 speed

64
Q

What is Reuptake

A
  • stops the messaging of NT’S
  • A re-absorption of NT’S back into the axon terminals
  • the neuron gets recycled and gets reused
65
Q

What is Glutamate for?

A
  • the accelerator
  • enhanced learning and memory
  • schizophrenia
66
Q

What is GABA for?

A
  • the break
  • Learning memory, and sleep
67
Q

What is Acetylcholine for ?

A
  • Arousal, selective attention, memory, and sleep
  • memory loss in Alzheimer’s
68
Q

What is Dopamine for?

A
  • accelerator and the break
  • reward system
69
Q

What is serotonin for?

A

well being and mood

70
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A
  • panning
  • executive functions
  • language (Broca’s area)
  • Motor cortex
    • if you damage this part of the brain, you can’t move
71
Q

What is the Parietal lobe responsible for ?

A
  • somatosensory cortex
    • touch and sensation
72
Q

What is the Occipital lobe responsible for?

A

visual cortex

73
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A
  • auditory cortex
  • Wernicke’s area
74
Q

What is Broca’s area responsible for ?

A
  • frontal lobe (left hemisphere)
  • language production (spoken and written)
  • words make sense but difficult to produce
75
Q

What is Wernicke’s area responsible for ?

A
  • Temporal laterization (left hemisphere)
  • language comprehension
  • word salad
    • they communicate very fast, but you have no idea what they are trying to say
76
Q

What is brain laterization?

A
  • works contralaterally (opposite side)
  • cognitive functions rely on one side more than the other
77
Q

What is the left hemisphere responsible for?

A
  • Fine tuned language skills
  • facial expression and motion
  • reading writing
78
Q

What is the Right hemisphere responsible for?

A
  • language skills
  • visuospatial skills
  • tone of voice
  • simple speech
  • face perception
79
Q

What is Phrenology

A

an incorrect map of the mind

80
Q

Who invented phernology?

A

Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)

81
Q

Who was Dr. Wilder Penfield?

A
  • Montreal procedure: stimulate certain areas of the brain while patient was awake
  • used to locate areas responsible for triggering
  • if they can locate where the sensation victims felt before the seizure, he could cut that part out and cure them
82
Q

How do we monitor our brains today?

A
  • EEG Electroencephalograph
  • CT scans (Computed tomography)
  • functional Magnetic resonance imaging (FRMI)
  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation
83
Q

What does EEG do?

A
  • Measures electrical activity
  • “Listen in on the brain”
  • which areas of the brain are active
84
Q

What do CT scans (Computed tomography) do?

A
  • structural image
  • creates an image of what our brains look like
85
Q

What do functional Magnetic resonance imaging (FRMI) do ?

A

measures changes in blood and oxygen levels

86
Q

What is Transcranial magnetic stimulation ?

A
  • magnetic fields to stimulate or dampen neuronal activity
  • infer causation
  • Montreal procedure without cutting open your skull

PSY 102 (7 decks)

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