Lecture 7 Flashcards
what is memory?
a single term that reflects the retention of information over time
What are the 4 kinds of memory?
- sensory memory
- short-term memory
- Long term memory
- working memory
What is sensory memory?
- each sense had it’s own system (eg. iconcic, echoic)
- the duration is short, but capacity is very large
What is short term memory?
- related to working memory,
- duration of information lasts about 20 seconds
- everything in your head right now
Who is tested sensory memory?
- George Sperling
What is the duration for sensory memory?
- 1/2 sec for visual
- 2-4 seconds for auditory
How long is the duration of short term memory?
duration of information lasts about 20 seconds
What is the golden rule for short term memory?
- 5+ or -2
What is working memory?
- holds information temporarily for analysis
- up to 30 sec without rehearsal
- limited to 5-9 items
What is the duration of working memory?
up to 30 sec without rehearsal
What is Chunking (short term memory)
way to group information in meaningful ways
What is rehearsal?
- simple; repeat information
- elaborate: make meaning of the information
what is the duration and capacity of longterm memory?
infinite
Two types of long term memory?
- explicit (declarative)
- implicit (non- declarative)
What are explicit memories?
- Explicit memories are those we consciously try to remember and recall
- storage of facts and events and is the type of memory you are aware of having and can consciously express
What are the 2 types of explicit memories?
- episodic memory
- semantic
What is episodic memory ?
- Episodic memory is information about events we have personally experienced
What is semantic memory?
- our knowledge about facts
What are non- declarative or implicit memories?
- Are not part of our consciousness.
- They are memories formed from behaviors.
What are 2 types of implicit memories ?
- procedural
- emotional conditioning
What is Procedural memory?
- information about how to do things
- where you are able to perform actions without consciously monitoring
What is Emotional Conditioning?
- Memories acquired through classical conditioning, - you get when smelling the aroma of favorite food truck while walking by.
- Associations are created implicitly between stimuli that commonly occur together
What are the three stages of memory?
- encoding
- storage
- retrieval:
What is Encoding
process of getting information into our memory
What is storage?
maintaining information over time
What is retrieval?
accessing information when you need it
What do you need for succesful encoding?
- Attention
- unless you pay attention, it won’t be encoded
- Depth of processing
- phonological
- visually
- meaning
What is phonological ?
- sound of voice
What are Mnemonics ?
- Imagery
- Name of expression
- Chaining
What is imagery?
- Attach image to help recall memory
- the more bizarre, the better
What is name of expression?
- first letter each item in a list is re-arranged to form a list is re-arranged to form a phrase or word
- please excuse my fear aunt sally
What is Chaining?
- development of a story or image that connects information
What are memory traces? (engrams)
- changes in our brain as a result of experiences
What is consolidation?
- process that stabilizes memory traces
- like pen on paper
What is Retention interval ?
- time between encoding and retrieval
What is Retrieval ?
- process by which information is retrieved from memory
What is the diffrencce between aviablability and acessability?
- You know the humming of a song
- the song was available, but you couldn’t access that
You know it’s retrival when there is …..
- cued recall
- giving hints
- recognition
- given options and recognizing
What are types of Encoding?
- context dependent memory
- state dependant memory
- Mood dependant memory
What is context dependent memory ?
- match in physical or external context between encoding and retrieval
> if you learn in class, you will do better than learning in a coffee shop. because you are writing the exam in class.
> Scuba divers who learned words under water, remember better under water
What is state dependant memory ?
- match in internal/ mental context between encoding and retrieval
> memorize list of words while you’re drunk, other group memorizes while sober
> asked to recall the list of words
> sober people recalled words well while sober but not drunks
> drunk people who recalled words sober didn’t do well, but they did well while drunk
What is Mood dependant memory?
- match in mood between encoding and retrieval
What are encoding failures?
- information was never learned in the first place
> trying to find a shirt that you didn’t buy in the first place
What are Retrieval failures ?
- cues
- tips of the tongue
What are Interferences?
- proactive
- retroactive
What is proactive?
- old interferes with new
> call your new partner your old partner’s name
What is retroactive?
- new interferes with old
> call old partner your new partner’s name
What are Serial position effects ?
- probability of remembering depends on the position of items to remember
- you remember the things at the begging and last, skip the middle
What is the Von Restorff effect ?
tendency to remember distinctive stimuli ?
What is Adaptive?
when you forget becasue it’s
- painful or embarrassing
- Efficient
What is Amnesia ?
- Memory disorder (biologically based)
Who were the 7 sins of memory by?
Dr. Schacter
What are the 7 sins of memory?
- forgetting
- transience
- absent mindedness
- blocking
- misattribution
- suggestibility
- bias
What is transience?
as time passes our ability to access decreases
Who is Herman Ebbinghaus?
- used himself as a subject
- studied list 30 meaningless syllabus
- recalled after certain intervals have passed
What is Misattribution
confusing source of information
What is suggestibility ?
- distorted memories due to external sources
- huge implications in eye testimony
- cops use certain words that distort events
What is the Misinformation effect (Dr. Elizabeth Loftus)
> did the car go through a yeild sign
> or the stop sign?
> she showed people a fake photo, with a yeild sign, and not a stop sign
How do verbs influence eye testimony?
- participants were asked to watch a video of two cars in an accident
- responded to a number of questions
- changed the verb: contacted, smashed, hit, bumped, or collided
- then 1 month later, they were asked did you see broken glass
What is Bias?
- expectations and beliefs can distort memories
- read a story about a political candidate, and you assume that they are white
What is stereotypical bias ?
- gender, race
- age
- body weight
What is Egocentric ?
- enhancing memories of the past
What is Hindsight?
I knew it all along
What is Persistence?
- Memory is “stuck” in your head
- unwanted memories
- PTSD
What is an Engram?
changes in our brain as a result of experiences (memory traces)
Who was Karl Lashley?
- locate areas of the brain where engrams are stored
- trained rats to run mazes
- create lesions in the brain
- focused on the cerebral cortex
- Equipotential hypothesis
What is the Equipotential hypothesis?
another area of the brain can take over memory functions
What is the Amygdala?
- regulates fear and aggression
- explicit and implicit memories
- extinction of fear in rats
- US - shock, NS - tone, UR/CR - fear
What is the Cerebellum
implicit memories and conditioned response
Which memeories are in the prefrontal cortex?
- Semantic memory
- Working memory
What does the Hippocampus do in regard to memeories?
- codes explicit memories
- difficulties with forming new memories
What are the two types of Amnesia ?
- Anterograde
- Retrograde
What is Anterograde amnesia?
- brain trauma
- difficulties with new information
- Clive wearing
What is Retrograde amnesia?
- brain trauma
- difficulties with old information
- Ex. NFL player Scott Bolzan
