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PSY 102 > Chapter 8: Language and decision making > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Language and decision making Flashcards

1
Q

What is language?

A

largely arbitrary systems of communication

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2
Q

What are the components of language?

A
  • lexicon - vocab
  • grammar - rules
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3
Q

what are the two important functions of language?

A
  • transmission of information
  • social and emotional functions
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4
Q

What are Hockett’s linguistic universals ?

A
  • semanticity
  • Arbitrariness
  • displacement
  • productivity
  • culture
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5
Q

What is semanticity?

A
  • meaning conveyed through symbols
    • the alphabet
  • letters are representations of phonemes
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6
Q

What is Arbitrariness?

A

No inherent connection between symbol and object

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7
Q

What is displacement ?

A

used to communicate past, present, and future

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8
Q

What is productivity?

A
  • create new words, phrases, and sentences
  • ex. “google it”
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9
Q

What is culture?

A
  • language acquired through culture
    • coke vs. pop
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10
Q

What are Phonemes?

A
  • smallest units of sound
  • English contains 40-45
  • 100s of phonemes
  • bit= b/i/ t
  • We and wet/e/
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11
Q

What are Morphemes?

A
  • smallest units of meaning combination
  • combination of phonemes
  • r, re, ish
  • play, played, playing
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12
Q

What is Syntax?

A
  • set of rules to construct sentences
  • English: subject - verb- object
  • The boy eats the apple
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13
Q

What is common ground?

A

set of knowledge that is shared between two or more people communicating

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14
Q

What is audience design?

A

change what we say depending on the audience

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15
Q

What is body language?

A

“It’s awful in there”

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16
Q

Are we hard-wired for languages?

A

there we 2 bleiefs, One by Noam, and by Skinner

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17
Q

What did B.F Skinner believe about language?

A

language was learned through operant condition

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18
Q

What did Noam Chomsky believe about language?

A
  • Language is biologically determined:
  • language acquisition device
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19
Q

What is the critical period?

A

language development is maximized in early life

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20
Q

What is prenatal?

A

preference for the mother’s voice

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21
Q

What is Babbling stage - 6 months

A

produce and repeat single syllabi

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22
Q

Comprehension vs. Production

A

children comprehend basic language rules before being able to produce them - latent learning

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23
Q

What are First-year words?

A
  • produce and repeat single syllabi
  • Holophrases
    • one word that baby uses that means alot of things
24
Q

What is Telegraphic speech - 2 years

A
  • simple sentences
  • overgeneralization
25
Q

What is Conversations - 4-6 years

A
  • clear understanding of rules
  • (grammar and syntax)
26
Q

Explain language development of bilingualism

A
  • same as monolinguals
  • make more mistakes
27
Q

What are the Benefits of Bilingualism?

A
  • enhanced communication
  • metalinguistic
    • enhancing our thinking
28
Q

What is Linguistic determinism?

A
  • enhances our thinking and behaviour
  • Sapir- Whorf hypothesis
  • linguistic reactivity
29
Q

Who developed Bounded Rationality ?

A

Herbert Simon

30
Q

What is bounded Rationality?

A

rational decisions are bounded by cognitive limitations

31
Q

Who developed system 1 and 2?

A

Tversky and Kahneman

32
Q

What is System 1?

A

system 1: Automatic

33
Q

What is System 2 ?

A

System 2: Analytical

34
Q

What are biases and Heuristics?

A

systematic and predictable errors

35
Q

What is Representative Bias ?

A
  • Judgment about probability
    • Steve and Linda
  • make decisions based on how representative something is
  • ignores base rate
36
Q

What is Availability?

A
  • Estimate the likelihood of occurrence based on how “available” information is to us
  • you are more likley to see planes crashing than cars crashing
  • so you wil feaar planes crashing and not driving
37
Q

What is Anchoring?

A
  • Decisions affected by an initial anchor, even if the anchor Decisions are arbitrary
  • influences
    • that we are willing to pay
    • Expectations of a wide arrange of things
    • buy apple watch for 1000 vs. 500
38
Q

What is framing?

A

How information is presented (eg. gains/losses) affects decisions

39
Q

What is Confirmation Bias?

A

focus on information that confirms existing beliefs

40
Q

What is overconfidence bias?

A

Bias to be overconfidence in our judgment

41
Q

What are the 6 steps to problem solving?

A
  • step 1: Define the problem
  • Step 2: Generate possible solutions
  • Step 3: Evaluate options
  • Step 4: Decide on a solution
  • Step 5: Implement
  • Step 6: Evaluate the outcome
42
Q

step 1: Define the problem

A
  • be specific as possible
  • well defined problems
43
Q

Step 2: Generate possible solutions

A
  • list all possible solutions
  • be creative
44
Q

Step 3: Evaluate options

A
  • eliminate
  • rank
45
Q

Step 4: Decide on a solution

A

outline steps to put the solution into action

46
Q

Step 5: Implement

A

put it into action

47
Q

Step 6: Evaluate the outcome

A
  • did it work?
  • revise solution?
  • try another option?
  • return to step 2 and repeat
48
Q

What is Trail and error?

A
  • continue to try different solutions until problem is solved
  • commonly used
49
Q

What is Algorithm?

A
  • step by step problem solving formula
    • lego set intruction manual
50
Q

What is Heuristic?

A
  • General problem problem-solving formula
  • Rule of thumb
51
Q

What is Insight?

A
  • the sudden recognition of a solution to a problem
  • the AHA moment
52
Q

What are Means end analyses ?

A

choose and analyzes action in a series of smaller steps to meet a goal

53
Q

What is Distraction by irrelevant information?

A

failure to focus on relevant info

54
Q

What are Mental sets?

A

becoming entrenched in a particular problem solving strategy

55
Q

What is Functional fixedness?

A

difficulty perceiving an object being used for something other than what is was designed for

PSY 102 (7 decks)

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