Lecture 4: Sensation and perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensation?

A
  • Physical process
  • We “look” with our eyes
  • raw input from environment
  • Involves sensory organs
  • respond to external stimuli is gathering the info from the environment via your senses
    • hearing and taste
    • hearing someone’s voice
    • seeing lecture on the screen
    • tactile, how the seat feels
  • our window to the world
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2
Q

what is perception?

A
  • Psychological process
  • We “see” with our brain
  • psychological process by which we make sense of all the stimuli received from environment
    • We perceive the burning toast
    • or the voice shouting from a distance is a close friend
  • the process by which we interpret the world
  • identifying who a sound was made from
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3
Q

What is transduction?

A
  • process of converting stimuli into electrotechnical messages
  • sense receptors
  • we use this to go from physical sensation to perception
  • psychical stimuli to converts to messages brain can understand
  • Interpreted by action potentials, electromechanical, and neurotransmitters
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4
Q

What do Sense Receptors do?

A
  • The process of transduction occurs via our sense receptors
  • we have receptors of sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell
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5
Q

describe how we process our external stimulus?

A

The processing of our external stimulus occurs through both bottom up and top down

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6
Q

what is Bottom up processing?

A

occurs when you experience a new stimuli, you are taking sensory input and trying to build a perception of them

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7
Q

What is Top down processing ?

A

is when our experiences in the past influences how we come to perceive our senses

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8
Q

The steps in sensation

A
  • detect an external stimuli in the environment
  • through transduction the physical soundwaves converted into electrochemical language of the brain
  • processing information by comparing with previously stored information (top down processing) and or
    through bottom up processing, the pitch, loudness, etc
  • The matching process then may result in a recognition interpretation of the externa stimulus
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9
Q

What is Absolute threshold ?

A
  • Smallest stimulation required to detect a stimulus 50% of the time
    • 50 because our ability to detect stimuli changes throughout the day
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10
Q

What is Just noticeable difference?

A
  • there is a stimulus, and you can detect when the strength had changed
  • there is a dimmer and you notice when it gets brighter or darker
  • The smallest change needed in order to detect 50% of the time
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11
Q

What is Weber’s law?

A
  • The ability to detect depends on the original strength of the original stimulus
    • lifting a 50 pounds, then you lift 51. you won’t notice a difference
    • lifting 1 pound, the lifting 2. You will notice the difference
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12
Q

What is Sensory adaptation?

A
  • reduction in the sensitivity to stimulus with constant exposure
  • Our bodies adapt and get used to it
    • walking into smelly room
    • going nose blind
    • other people can notice
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13
Q

what is Multimodal perception?

A
  • one sense has the potential to influence perception of another sense
  • taste and smell work hand in hand
  • won’t eat something if doesn’t smell good
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14
Q

What is Superaddictive effect?

A
  • respond more strongly to multiple stimuli
  • This can explain
    how you’re still able to understand what friends are saying to you at a loud concert, as long as you are able to get visual cues from watching them speak.
  • In sum, we are able to process multimodal sensory stimuli, and the results of those
    processes are qualitatively different from those of unimodal stimuli
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15
Q

What is the Sensation of Vision?

A

vison is light bouncing off of objects

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16
Q

What is Wavelength

A

(distance)
- color
- butterflies detect ultraviolet
- snakes detect infrared
- Humans only see within the 400- 700 range

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17
Q

What is Amplitude?

A
  • (peak)
    • brightness
    • tall peak= brighter
    • distance is how we perceive different colors
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18
Q

What are Photoreceptors?

A
  • sensory neurons of vison-located in the retina
  • densely packed in the fovea
  • absent in the optic nerve
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19
Q

Describe the Process of vision

A
  • light first enters the outer later called cornea and in through the pupil
    • also controls the amount of light
    • small pupil when there is a lot of right
    • widening eye when little light
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20
Q

What does the lens do?

A
  • focus light on retina on the through accommodation
  • near objects, short and squishy
  • far objects, long and skinny
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21
Q

Transduction in vison are….?

A

chemicals that react to light

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22
Q

What do Rods do?

A
  • more sensitive
  • peripheral
  • low light
  • works better at night
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23
Q

What are Cones used for?

A
  • centre
  • colour and detail
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24
Q

Who was the Trichromatic theory by

A

(Young, 1802; Helmhotiz, 1867)

25
Q

What does the Trichromatic theory state?

A
  • blue green and red
  • All colours are perceived by additive mixtures
26
Q

What are Opponent process theory?

A
  • some colours can’t be created
  • Red-green, blue-yellow, and black and white cells
  • our perception of colour are different based on how much of each colour
  • contrast rather than combination of hues
27
Q

What is Gestalt laws of organization ?

A
  • perceive stimuli near each other as grouped together (one on the right)
    • seeing people play pickle ball, and you group them on a team
28
Q

What does the law Similarity state?

A

perceive similar stimuli in groups

29
Q

What does the law of continuity state?

A

We perceive stimuli as single uninterrupted thoughts

30
Q

What does the law of Closure state?

A
  • Perceive stimuli as a whole entity
  • brains fill it in
31
Q

What is Depth perception- monocular depth cues

A

Linear perspective

  • parallel lines converge in the distance
  • looks like an A even though it’s straight
32
Q

What is Interposition?

A
  • closer objects are in front
  • boy with a cup in front
33
Q

What is Relative height?

A

further objects are higher in the horizontal plane

34
Q

What is texture in psychology?

A

objects further away have less detail

35
Q

What is Relative size ?

A

objects further away are smaller

36
Q

What are binocular depth cues ?

A
  • binocular disparity
  • Convergence
37
Q

What is Convergence

A

This describes the reflex for our eyes to turn
inwards when viewing objects that are closer to us compared to objects that are further away, as you can see in the diagram in the middle.

38
Q

What is binocular disparity ?

A

our right and left side see different inputs

39
Q

What is Motion parallax

A

viewing objects that are closer as moving faster than objects that are further away. You experience
motion parallax when your driving on the highway and you see the signs that are closer as approaching much more quickly than signs that are further away.

40
Q

What are the Difficulties with Vision?

A
  • Prosopagnosia
  • Acyanopsia
41
Q

What is Acyanopsia

A
  • inability to perceive movement
  • teleportation
42
Q

What is Prosopagnosia

A
  • inability to process faces
  • rely on other cues
  • everyone will look like chickens
43
Q

What are Soundwaves ?

A
  • Mechanical vibrations
  • through a medium which is usually air
44
Q

What is Loudness

A

peak

  • amplitude
45
Q

What is Pitch ?

A

Wave frequency

46
Q

What is Timbre?

A
  • complexity of sound
  • different instruments, same note, same loudness but it sounds different
47
Q

What is the human Ear

A

Outer layer

  • Visible part of your ear- Pinna (fleshy part) and ear canal (long canal)
48
Q

What is the Tympanic membrane ?

A

called ear drums as they are responsible for vibration of sound in the middle ear

49
Q

Describe the middle ear

A
  • three middle ear bones : incus (anvil), malleus(hammer), and stapes (stirrup)
  • smallest bones in the body-transmit vibration to cochlea
50
Q

Describe the Inner ear

A
  • Contains the cochlea- spiral shaped structure with fluid and contains the organ of corti- contains outer and inner hair cells
  • Inner hair cells form synapse with auditory nerve - process of sensation to perception
51
Q

What is physical stimulus ?

A

odours

52
Q

What is Olfaction?

A
  • 400 olfactory receptors
  • lock and key
53
Q

What is Gustation

A
  • 5 basic taste receptors
  • everything we taste is combination of the 5
    • sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami
      Well developed at birth
54
Q

What are the receptors in the sense of touch

A
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • Nociceptors
  • proprioceptors
55
Q

What do Mechanoreceptors do?

A

stroking, stretching, or vibration of the
skin

56
Q

What are Thermoreceptors for

A

responds to cold or hot temperatures

57
Q

What do chemoreceptors responsible for?

A

responding to certain types of chemicals either applied
externally or released within the skin (such as histamine from an inflammation)

58
Q

What are Nociceptors responsible for?

A

responsible for pain

59
Q

What are proprioceptors for?

A

are responsible for our perception
of movement and body position.