Learning and memory Flashcards
What is learning?
- lasting change as a result of practise, study, or experience
- learning is inferred by behavior
What is Habituation
simplest form of learning
- the process by which we respond less strongly to stimuli over time
- non-associative
- sea slugs
- we get used to noise over time when moving to a noisy area
what is novel stimuli?
gets our attention, when we get used to the noise we habituate. and respond less strongly over time
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
wanted to study the digestive system of dogs
- dog begins to react to Ivan bringing him food.
- associate Ivan with food coming
what is classical conditioning?
when you associate 2 things with each other. If someone rings a bell, food is coming.
what is unconditioned stimulus (US)
- light flashing in your eye
- dog food
- any that produces a reflexive response
- just happens you don’t think about it
what is an unconditioned response (UR)?
saliva: neutral reaction
what is a neutral stimulus (NS)?
metronome
what is conditioned stimulus (CS)?
Saliva: a natural reaction that occurs due to Conditioned stimulus
describe classical conditioning with a dog.
you hear a bell before getting food
you only hear the bell
you start drooling cause you know the food is coming
salivating to bell before food
what is Acquisition?
- getting a neutral stimulus to become conditioned
- initial learning phase
- frequency
- timing
- .5 seconds
what is Acquisition?
- getting a neutral stimulus to become conditioned
- initial learning phase
- frequency
- timing
- .5 seconds
what is Extinction?
- Elimination of the conditioned response
- CS unpaired with the unconditioned response
what is Spontaneous recovery?
sudden emergence of the conditioned response after extinction
what is Stimulus generalization?
- stimuli similar to CS will elicit a CR
- quick learning
- little Albert associates all rabbits with being dangerous
what is Stimulus discrimination?
- exhibit CR to certain stimuli but not others
- effective learning
- they are able to discriminate between two similar stimuli., so they won’t generalize anymore
what is Higher order learning?
developing a conditioned response to a new conditioned stimulus paired with the original conditioned stimuli
describe the higher-order learning diagram.
what is the Law of effect in operant conditioning?
- proposed by E.L Thorn
- Behavior = good result
- increase the probability of response
- Behaviour = bad result -
- decrease the probability of response
what is Thorndike’s puzzle box?
- cats flail around aimlessly until they accidentally pull the level
- time to escape gradually decreased
- cats showed a lack of insight
what is Skinner box?
box which you put a rat or pigeon inside
what is Reinforcement?
reinforcement: increases behavior
What is punishment?
- punishment: decreases behavior
- punishment: does not equal discipline*
what is Positive and Negative?
- positive: add stimulus
- negative: remove stimulus
- taking away phones
what is continuous?
the reward is given every time a behavior is performed
what is intermittent?
the reward is given some of the time a behavior is performed.
what is a fixed ratio?
a reward is given after every x (every third time you do something) response
what is the variable ratio?
- reward given after a variable number of responses, centered around an average
- prolong behavior
- slot machines operate by payouts
what is a Fixed interval?
the reward given after x period of time has passed
what is a variable interval?
the reward given after a variable amount of time has passed centered around an average
what are the cognitive models of learning?
- Latent learning
- Observational learning
What is latent learning?
- learning that isn’t directly observable
- the difference between competence and performance
what is Observational learning?
- Albert Bandura’s social learning theory
- learning by watching others
what are the Four parts of observational learning?
- attention
- retention
- initiation
- motivation
three groups of rats
- group 1: always reinforced
- group 2: never reinforced
- group 3: reinforced on the 11th day: the quickest form of learning
