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PSY 102 > Learning and memory > Flashcards

Learning and memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning?

A
  • lasting change as a result of practise, study, or experience
    • learning is inferred by behavior
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2
Q

What is Habituation

A

simplest form of learning

  • the process by which we respond less strongly to stimuli over time
  • non-associative
  • sea slugs
  • we get used to noise over time when moving to a noisy area
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3
Q

what is novel stimuli?

A

gets our attention, when we get used to the noise we habituate. and respond less strongly over time

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4
Q

Who is Ivan Pavlov?

A

wanted to study the digestive system of dogs

  • dog begins to react to Ivan bringing him food.
  • associate Ivan with food coming
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5
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

when you associate 2 things with each other. If someone rings a bell, food is coming.

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6
Q

what is unconditioned stimulus (US)

A
  • light flashing in your eye
  • dog food
  • any that produces a reflexive response
  • just happens you don’t think about it
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7
Q

what is an unconditioned response (UR)?

A

saliva: neutral reaction

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8
Q

what is a neutral stimulus (NS)?

A

metronome

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9
Q

what is conditioned stimulus (CS)?

A

Saliva: a natural reaction that occurs due to Conditioned stimulus

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10
Q

describe classical conditioning with a dog.

A

you hear a bell before getting food

you only hear the bell

you start drooling cause you know the food is coming

salivating to bell before food

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11
Q

what is Acquisition?

A
  • getting a neutral stimulus to become conditioned
  • initial learning phase
  • frequency
  • timing
    • .5 seconds
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12
Q

what is Acquisition?

A
  • getting a neutral stimulus to become conditioned
  • initial learning phase
  • frequency
  • timing
    • .5 seconds
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13
Q

what is Extinction?

A
  • Elimination of the conditioned response
  • CS unpaired with the unconditioned response
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14
Q

what is Spontaneous recovery?

A

sudden emergence of the conditioned response after extinction

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15
Q

what is Stimulus generalization?

A
  • stimuli similar to CS will elicit a CR
  • quick learning
  • little Albert associates all rabbits with being dangerous
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16
Q

what is Stimulus discrimination?

A
  • exhibit CR to certain stimuli but not others
  • effective learning
  • they are able to discriminate between two similar stimuli., so they won’t generalize anymore
17
Q

what is Higher order learning?

A

developing a conditioned response to a new conditioned stimulus paired with the original conditioned stimuli

18
Q

describe the higher-order learning diagram.

A
19
Q

what is the Law of effect in operant conditioning?

A
  • proposed by E.L Thorn
  • Behavior = good result
    • increase the probability of response
  • Behaviour = bad result -
    • decrease the probability of response
20
Q

what is Thorndike’s puzzle box?

A
  • cats flail around aimlessly until they accidentally pull the level
  • time to escape gradually decreased
  • cats showed a lack of insight
21
Q

what is Skinner box?

A

box which you put a rat or pigeon inside

22
Q

what is Reinforcement?

A

reinforcement: increases behavior

23
Q

What is punishment?

A
  • punishment: decreases behavior
  • punishment: does not equal discipline*
24
Q

what is Positive and Negative?

A
  • positive: add stimulus
  • negative: remove stimulus
    • taking away phones
25
Q

what is continuous?

A

the reward is given every time a behavior is performed

26
Q

what is intermittent?

A

the reward is given some of the time a behavior is performed.

27
Q

what is a fixed ratio?

A

a reward is given after every x (every third time you do something) response

28
Q

what is the variable ratio?

A
  • reward given after a variable number of responses, centered around an average
  • prolong behavior
  • slot machines operate by payouts
29
Q

what is a Fixed interval?

A

the reward given after x period of time has passed

30
Q

what is a variable interval?

A

the reward given after a variable amount of time has passed centered around an average

31
Q

what are the cognitive models of learning?

A
  • Latent learning
  • Observational learning
32
Q

What is latent learning?

A
  • learning that isn’t directly observable
  • the difference between competence and performance
33
Q

what is Observational learning?

A
  • Albert Bandura’s social learning theory
  • learning by watching others
34
Q

what are the Four parts of observational learning?

A
  • attention
  • retention
  • initiation
  • motivation
35
Q

three groups of rats

A
  • group 1: always reinforced
  • group 2: never reinforced
  • group 3: reinforced on the 11th day: the quickest form of learning

PSY 102 (7 decks)

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