MIDTERM 02 - Antibacterials Flashcards
Was the the first to use microscope (Year - 1670)
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Stated that microorganisms are responsible for diseases (Year - 1800)
Louis Pasteur
Proposed the germ theory of disease and discovered phenol/carbolic acid (Year - 1800)
Joseph Lister
Proposed Koch’s postulates (Year - 1800)
Robert Koch
Refers to a a set of criteria/postulates used to identify the microorganism that causes a disease
Koch’s postulates
The microorganism must be present in every case of disease but absent from healthy microorganism (Koch’s postulates)
Postulate 1
The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture (Koch’s postulates)
Postulate 2
The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated in a healthy host (Koch’s postulates)
Postulate 3
The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host (Koch’s postulates)
Postulate 4
The father of chemotherapy; chemotherapeutic index → therapeutic index (Year - 1904)
Paul Ehrlich
A drug created by Paul Ehrlich that is used to treat syphilis (Year - 1910)
Salvarsan (Arsphenamine; Compound 606)
An antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming (Year - 1928)
Penicillin
An antibacterial agent used for gram-positive bacteria (Year - 1934)
Proflavine
It was the first sulfonamide antibiotic (Year - 1935)
Prontosil
Was the first aminoglycoside antibiotic discovered (Year - 1944)
Streptomycin
A diverse class of anti-infective antibiotics containing polypeptide chains (Year - 1945)
Peptide antibiotics
An antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae (Year - 1947)
Chloramphenicol
A large family of antibiotics isolated from actinomyces soil bacteria (Year - 1948)
Tetracycline
Antibiotics made of amino acids linked in a cyclic structure (Year - 1952)
Cyclic peptide antibiotics
A beta-lactam antibiotic that is a precursor molecule for antibiotics used in humans (Year - 1955)
Cephalosporin C
A drug used to treat tuberculosis; a hydrazide of isonicotinic acid (Year - 1952)
Isoniazid
An antibiotic used to treat urinary tract infections (UTI) (Year - 1962)
Nalidixic acid
A fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat various bacterial infections (Year - 1987)
Ciprofloxacin
Was responsible for the serendipitous discovery of penicillin
Alexander Fleming
2 scientists responsible for the first use of penicillin as medical treatment (HB)
Howard Florey, Boris Ernst Chain
Was responsible for the discovery of Streptomycin
Selman Waksman
A substance produced by microorganisms which have the capacity of inhibiting the growth and even of destroying other microorganisms
Antibiotics
Nucleus is not defined (Bacterial or human cell)
Bacterial cell
Organelles are simple structures (Bacterial or human cell)
Bacterial cell
Synthesizes essential vitamins (Bacterial or human cell)
Bacterial cell
With cell membrane (Bacterial or human cell)
Bacterial cell
With cell wall (Bacterial or human cell)
Bacterial cell
Nucleus is defined (Bacterial or human cell)
Human cell
Organelles include mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. (Bacterial or human cell)
Human cell
Acquires essential vitamins from food (Bacterial or human cell)
Human cell
With cell membrane only (Bacterial or human cell)
Human cell
Has no cell wall (Bacterial or human cell)
Human cell
Used as a primary stain (Gram staining reagent)
Crystal violet
Used as a mordant (Gram staining reagent)
Gram iodine
Used as a decolorizing agent (Gram staining reagent)
95% EtOH
Used as a counterstain (Gram staining reagent)
Saffranin
Reaction to G(+) bacteria is violet/blue (Gram staining reagent)
Crystal violet, Gram iodine, 95% EtOH, Saffranin
Reaction to G(-) bacteria is violet (Gram staining reagent)
Crystal violet, Gram iodine
Reaction to G(-) bacteria is colorless (Gram staining reagent)
95% EtOH
Reaction to G(-) bacteria is red/pink (Gram staining reagent)
Saffranin
Blue/violet gram reaction (G+ or G- bacteria)
G+
Red/pink gram reaction (G+ or G- bacteria)
G-
Peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, lipotechoic acid (G+ or G- bacteria)
G+
Lipopolysaccharide, lipoprotein, peptidoglycan (G+ or G- bacteria)
G-
Thick peptidoglycan layer (G+ or G- bacteria)
G+
Thin peptidoglycan layer (G+ or G- bacteria)
G-
Thin lipid (G+ or G- bacteria)
G+
Thick lipid (G+ or G- bacteria)
G-
Porins proteins are absent (G+ or G- bacteria)
G+
Porins proteins are present (G+ or G- bacteria)
G-
Periplasmic space is (-) (G+ or G- bacteria)
G+
Periplasmic space is (+) (G+ or G- bacteria)
G-
Exotoxin is the toxin produced (G+ or G- bacteria)
G+
Endotoxin is the toxin produced (G+ or G- bacteria)
G-
Resistance to physical destruction is high (G+ or G- bacteria)
G+
Resistance to physical destruction is low (G+ or G- bacteria)
G-
Alternative theory for the MOA of cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Umbrella effect
Effect that refers to the broad coverage or protection cell wall synthesis inhibitors provide by targeting and inhibiting bacterial cell wall formation, leading to bacterial death
Umbrella effect
Resistance of penicillins depend on the presence of __________ enzymes
β-lactamase
Other name of penicillin G (Examples of natural penicillin)
Benzylpenicillin
Other name of penicillin V (Examples of natural penicillin)
Phenoxymethylpenicillin
Phenoxymethylpenicillin and ampicillin are examples of __________ penicillins (Types of penicillin)
Acid-resistant
Methicillin, nafcillin, temocillin, and isoxazolyl penicillin are examples of __________ penicillins (Types of penicillin)
Penicillinase-resistant
Examples include oxacillin, cloxacillin, flucloxacillin, and dicloxacillin (Examples of penicillinase-resistant penicillin)
Isoxazolyl penicillin
Drug that is a combination of flucloxacillin and ampicillin (Examples of penicillinase-resistant penicillin)
Co-fluampicil
Marked by improved ability to cross cell membrane; ↓ susceptibility to β-lactamase and ↑ affinity to transpeptidase (Types of penicillin)
Broad-spectrum penicillin
Hydrophobic group on side chain __________ activity of broad-spectrum penicillins against G+ bacteria
Increases
Hydrophilic group (-NH2, -OH, -CO2H) on side chain __________ activity of broad-spectrum penicillins against G- bacteria
Increases
Examples include ampicillin and amoxicillin (Examples of broad-spectrum penicillin)
Aminopenicillin
Drug composed of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (Examples of broad-spectrum penicillin)
Co-amoxicillin
Examples include carbenicillin, carfecillin, and ticarcillin (Examples of broad-spectrum penicillin)
Carboxypenicillin
Examples include azlocillin, mezlocillin, and piperacillin (Examples of broad-spectrum penicillin)
Ureidopenicillin
Drug composed of piperacillin and tazobactam (Examples of broad-spectrum antibiotics)
Piptaz
__________ and __________ are involved in penicillin synergism (CP)
Clavulanic acid, Probenecid
Cephalosporins are derived from __________
Cephalosporium acremonium (Acremonium chrysogenum)
Good activity against G+ bacteria and relatively modest activity against G- microorganisms (Generations of cephalosporins)
1st generation
Increased activity against G- microorganisms (Generations of cephalosporins)
2nd generation
Cefamandole, cefuroxime, cefonicid, ceforanide, and cefaclor are 2nd generation cephalosporins that are active against __________
Haemophilus influenzae
Cefoxitin, cefotetan, and cefmetazole are 2nd generation cephalosporins that are active against __________
Bacillus fragilis
Less active than 1st generation agents against G+ cocci; much more active against Enterobacteriaceae, including β-lactamase-producing strains (Generations of cephalosporins)
3rd generation
Ceftazidime and cefoperazone are 3rd generation cephalosporins that are active against __________
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Ceftizoxime and moxalactam are 3rd generation cephalosporins that are active against __________
Bacillus fragilis
Has extended spectrum of activity compared to the 3rd generation; increased stability from hydrolysis by plasmid and chromosomally mediated β-lactamases (Generations of cephalosporins)
4th generation
“Ceph” except for cefadroxil and cefazolin (Generations of cephalosporins)
1st generation
“Cef” except for cefuroxime and lovacarbef (Generations of cephalosporins)
2nd generation
Ends in “-one” or “-ime” except cefdinir and cefditoren (Generations of cephalosporins)
3rd generation
Includes cefpirome and cefepime (Generations of cephalosporins)
4th generation
Includes thienamycin, imipenem, and meropenem (Types of β-lactam antibiotics)
Carbapenems
Thienamycin is isolated from __________ (Types of β-lactam antibiotics - carbapenems)
Streptomyces cattleya
Imipenem is susceptible to hydrolysis by __________ enzyme (Types of β-lactam antibiotics - carbapenems)
Dehydropeptidase
Includes azteronam (Types of β-lactam antibiotics)
Monobactams
Isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum; is effective against gentamicin resistant organisms (Types of β-lactam antibiotics)
Aztreonam
Aztreonam is isolated from __________ (Types of β-lactam antibiotics)
Chromobacterium violaceum
Isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus; component of augmentin and timentin (Types of β-lactamase inhibitors)
Clavulanic acid
Clavulanic acid is isolated from __________ (Types of β-lactamase inhibitors)
Streptomyces clavuligerus
Clavulanic acid + Amoxicillin = __________ (Types of β-lactamase inhibitors)
Augmentin
Clavulanic acid + Ticarcillin = __________ (Types of β-lactamase inhibitors)
Timentin
Includes sulbactam and tazobactam (Types of β-lactamase inhibitors)
Penicillanic acid sulfone derivatives
Sulbactam + Ampicillin = __________ (Types of β-lactamase inhibitors)
Unasyn
Tazobactam + Piperacillin = __________ (Types of β-lactamase inhibitors)
Tazocin/Zosyn
Includes MM 13902 (Types of β-lactamase inhibitors)
Olivanic acids
Is an olivanic acid isolated form Streptomyces olivaceus (Types of β-lactamase inhibitors)
MM 13902
MM 13902 is isolated from __________ (Types of β-lactamase inhibitors)
Streptomyces olivaceus
Isolated from Streptomyces garyphalus; Inh L-alanin racemase and D-ala-D-ala ligase (Other cell wall synthesis inhibitors)
Cycloserine
Cycloserine is isolated from __________ (Other cell wall synthesis inhibitors)
Streptomyces garyphalus
Isolated from Bacillus subtilis; binds to lipid carrier of NAM and prevent transport across the cell membrane (Other cell wall synthesis inhibitors)
Bacitracin
Bacitracin is isolated from __________ (Other cell wall synthesis inhibitors)
Bacillus subtilis
Includes vancomycin, teicoplanin, and eremomycin (Other cell wall synthesis inhibitors)
Glycopeptides
Vancomycin is isolated from __________ (Other cell wall synthesis inhibitors)
Streptomyces orientalis
Teicoplanin is isolated from ___________ (Other cell wall synthesis inhibitors)
Actinoplanes teichomyceticus
Includes valinomycin and gramicidin A (Agents acting on plasma membrane)
Ionophores
Isolated from Bacillus polymyxa (Agents acting on plasma membrane)
Polymixin B
Polymixin B is isolated from __________ (Agents acting on plasma membrane)
Bacillus polymyxa
Are cyclic peptides that will self-assemble in the cell membranes of bacteria to form tubules (Agents acting on plasma membrane)
Killer nanotubes
Includes daptomycin (Agents acting on plasma membrane)
Cyclic lipopeptides
Isolated from Streptomyces roseosporus (Agents acting on plasma membrane)
Daptomycin
Daptomycin is isolated from __________ (Agents acting on plasma membrane)
Streptomyces roseosporus
A group of antibiotics that contain a sulfonamide group (Inhibitors of cell metabolism)
Sulfonamides
Sulfa-drugs – Prontosil → __________ (Inhibitors of cell metabolism)
Sulfanilamide
Includes sulfathiazole, sulfadiazene, and sulfadoxine (Inhibitors of cell metabolism)
Sulfanilamide analogues
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine = __________ (Inhibitors of cell metabolism)
Fansidar
Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole = __________ (Inhibitors of cell metabolism)
Cotrimoxazole
Drugs that contain a sulfonyl group (Inhibitors of cell metabolism)
Sulfones
Includes streptomycin and gentamicin (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Aminoglycosides
Isolated from Streptomyces griseus (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Streptomycin
Streptomycin is isolated from __________ (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Streptomyces griseus
Includes chlortetracycline (aureomycin), tetracycline, and doxycycline (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Tetracyclines
Is isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Chlortetracycline (Aureomycin)
Chlortetracycline (Aureomycin) is isolated from __________ (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Streptomyces aureofaciens
Is isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Chloramphenicol
Chloramphenicol is isolated from __________ (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Streptomyces venezuelae
Includes erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Macrolides
Is isolated from Streptomyces arythreus (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Erythromycin
Erythromycin is isolated from __________ (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Streptomyces arythreus
Includes lincomycin and clindamycin (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Lincosamides
Is isolated from Streptomyces lincolnensis (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Lincomycin
Lincomycin is isolated from __________ (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Streptomyces lincolnensis
Includes pritinamycin (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Streptogramins
Is isolated from Streptomyces pristinaespiralis (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Pritinamycin
Pritinamycin is isolated from __________ (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Streptomyces pristinaespiralis
Includes quinupristin and dalfopristin (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Streptogramins
Includes linezolid (Protein synthesis inhibitors)
Oxazolidinones
Aminoglycosides (30s or 50s)
30s
Tetracyclines (30s or 50s)
30s
Streptogramins (30s or 50s)
50s
Chloramphenicol (30s or 50s)
50s
Clindamycin (30s or 50s)
50s
Macrolides (30s or 50s)
50s
Linezolid (30s or 50s)
50s
Includes nalidixic acid, enoxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin (NA transcription and replication inhibitors)
Quinolones and fluoroquinolones
Includes proflavine (NA transcription and replication inhibitors)
Aminoacridines
Includes rifampicin and rifamycin B (NA transcription and replication inhibitors)
Rifamycins
Is isolated from Streptomyces mediterranei (NA transcription and replication inhibitors)
Rifamycin B
Rifamycin B is isolated from ___________ (NA transcription and replication inhibitors)
Streptomyces mediterranei
Includes metronidazole and nitrofurantoin (NA transcription and replication inhibitors)
Nitroimidazoles and nitrofurantoin
Includes methenamine, fusidic acid, isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide (NA transcription and replication inhibitors)
Miscellaneous agents
Is isolated from Fusidium coccineum (NA transcription and replication inhibitors)
Fusidic acid
Fusidic acid is isolated from __________ (NA transcription and replication inhibitors)
Fusidium coccineum
