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PH 110 - Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Organic Chemistry (Lec) > FINAL 01 - Cholinergic Drugs > Flashcards

FINAL 01 - Cholinergic Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Nerves that take messages from the CNS to various parts of the body such as skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

A

Motor nerves

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2
Q

Carry messages from the CNS to the skeletal muscles (Divisions of motor nervous system)

A

Somatic nervous system

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3
Q

Neurotransmitter that bind to cholinergic receptors within the cell membranes of muscle cells

A

Acetylcholine

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4
Q

Carry messages from the CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and adrenal medulla (Divisions of motor nervous system)

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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5
Q

Each sympathetic neuron synapses with a 2nd neuron, which synapses to the ___________

A

Target organs

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6
Q

Main neurotransmitter of sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

A

Noradrenaline

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7
Q

Responsible for the fight or flight response, which involves shutting down the body’s housekeeping roles and stimulating the heart (Divisions of autonomic nervous system)

A

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

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8
Q

Each parasympathetic nerve synapses with a 2nd neuron until it reaches the final synapse in the ___________

A

Smooth muscle

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9
Q

Main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

A

Acetylcholine

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10
Q

Responsible for the rest and digest response (Divisions of autonomic nervous system)

A

Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

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11
Q

Located in the walls of the intestine; also responds to local stimuli (Divisions of autonomic nervous system)

A

Enteric nervous system (ENS)

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12
Q

Easily hydrolyzed in the stomach by acid catalysis (Examples of neurotransmitters)

A

Acetylcholine

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13
Q

Has no selectivity of action (Examples of neurotransmitters)

A

Acetylcholine

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14
Q

Muscarinic receptors act on ____________ and ____________ muscles (SC)

A

Smooth, Cardiac

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15
Q

Nicotinic receptors act on ____________ muscle and __________ synapses (SN)

A

Skeletal, Nerve

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16
Q

Synthesis (Stages of cholinergic transmission)

A

Stage 1

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17
Q

Storage in vesicles (Stages of cholinergic transmission)

A

Stage 2

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18
Q

Release (Stages of cholinergic transmission)

A

Stage 3

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19
Q

Binding to receptor (Stages of cholinergic transmission)

A

Stage 4

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20
Q

Degradation of acetylcholine (Stages of cholinergic transmission)

A

Stage 5

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21
Q

Recycling of choline (Stages of cholinergic transmission)

A

Stage 6

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22
Q

Synthesis (Stages of adrenergic transmission)

A

Stage 1

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23
Q

Rate limiting step in adrenergic transmission

A

Hydroxylation of tyrosine

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24
Q

Uptake into vesicles (Stages of adrenergic transmission)

A

Stage 2

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25
Release (Stages of adrenergic transmission)
Stage 3
26
Binding to receptor (Stages of adrenergic transmission)
Stage 4
27
Removal (Stages of adrenergic transmission)
Stage 5
28
Meaning of COMT
Catechol O-methyltransferase
29
Meaning of MAO
Monoamine oxidase
30
Receptors located at the terminal of the presynaptic neuron; provides local control by inhibiting further release of acetylcholine
Autoreceptors
31
Autoreceptors are receptors for __________
Noradrenaline
32
__________ increases release of acetylcholine
Nitrous oxide (NO)
33
Contains a steric shield; has enhanced muscarinic activity (Acetylcholine analogues)
Methacholine
34
Has electronic effects; used for glaucoma (Acetylcholine analogues)
Carbachol
35
Has combined steric and electronic effects; stimulates the GIT and urinary bladder after surgery (Acetylcholine analogues)
Bethanechol
36
____________ are used for the treatment of glaucoma
Muscarinic agonists
37
___________ are used for switching on the GIT and urinary tract after surgery
Muscarinic agonists
38
___________ are used for the treatment of certain heart defects by decreasing heart muscle activity and heart rate
Muscarinic agonists
39
Used for inducing miosis (Muscarinic agonists)
Pilocarpine
40
Used for Alzheimer's disease (Muscarinic agonists)
Oxotremorine
41
Obtained from Areca catechu (Muscarinic agonists)
Arecoline
42
Example of nicotinic agonist; used for smoking cessation
Varenicline
43
Nicotinic agonists are used for the treatment of ____________
Myasthenia gravis
44
Drugs which bind to the receptor but do not activate receptors and prevent binding of acetylcholine
Muscarinic antagonists
45
Atropine is obtained from __________
Atropa belladonna (Deadly nightshade)
46
__________ is obtained from Atropa belladonna (Deadly nightshade) (Muscarinic antagonists)
Atropine
47
Decreases GI motility (Muscarinic antagonists)
Atropine
48
Antidote for anticholinesterase poisoning (Muscarinic antagonists)
Atropine
49
Hyoscine (Scopolamine) is obtained from __________
Datura stramonium
50
Used for motion sickness (Muscarinic antagonists)
Hyoscine (Scopolamine)
51
Causes dilation of pupils (Muscarinic antagonists)
Atropine
52
Used as a bronchodilator (when combined with salbutamol) (Muscarinic antagonists - atropine analogues)
Ipratropium
53
Used for GIT and spasms (Muscarinic antagonists - atropine analogues)
Atropine methonitrate
54
Treatment for PUD and GI hypermotility (Muscarinic antagonists - atropine analogues)
Amprotropine
55
Tridihexethyl bromide and propantheline bromide are used as __________ drugs (Muscarinic antagonists - atropine analogues)
Antispasmodic
56
Used for hyperhidrosis and urinary incontinence (Muscarinic antagonists)
Propantheline
57
__________ and __________ are used to dilate pupils for ophthalmic examination (Muscarinic antagonists) (TC)
Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate
58
__________ and __________ are used for Parkinson's disease (Muscarinic antagonists) (TB)
Trihexyphenidyl, Benzatropine
59
Used for PUD (Muscarinic antagonists)
Pirenzepine
60
Are antagonists of the nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction; has fast onset of action, minimal SE, and short DOA
Neuromuscular blocking agents
61
Receptors that has protein containing 5 subunits with 2 α-subunits
Nicotinic receptors
62
Tubocurarine is obtained from __________
Chondrodendron tomentosum
63
Used for relaxation of abdominal muscles for surgery (Nicotinic antagonists)
Tubocurarine/Curare
64
Used as an adjunct treatment for surgery (Nicotinic antagonists)
Tubocurarine analogues
65
Has no selectivity for cholinergic receptors (Nicotinic antagonists)
Tubocurarine analogues
66
__________ and __________ are examples of depolarizing neuromuscular blockers (Nicotinic antagonists - tubocurarine analogues) (DS)
Decamethonium, Suxamethonium
67
__________ and __________ contains a steroid nucleus (Nicotinic antagonists - tubocurarine analogues) (PV)
Pancuronium, Vecuronium
68
__________ and __________ are examples of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers (Nicotinic antagonists) (AM)
Atracurium, Mivacurium
69
A component of snake venom (Nicotinic antagonists)
α-Bungarotoxin
70
Contains a polypeptide chain (70 amino acids) which cross-links α- and β-subunits of the cholinergic receptor (Nicotinic antagonists)
α-Bungarotoxin
71
Inhibits reuptake of NA and dopamine (Nicotinic antagonists)
Bupropion
72
Used as an anti-smoking aid (Nicotinic antagonists)
Bupropion
73
Enzymes which hydrolyzes acetylcholine; occur next to cholinergic receptors
Acetylcholinesterase
74
Enzyme present in various tissues and plasma
Butylcholinesterase
75
__________ and __________ both inhibit acetylcholinesterase (Acetylcholinesterase drugs) (CO)
Carbamates, Organophosphates
76
Physostigmine is derived from __________
Physostigma venenosum
77
__________ is obtained from Physostigma venenosum (Acetylcholinesterase drugs - carbamates)
Physostigmine
78
Used for glaucoma (Acetylcholinesterase drugs - carbamates)
Physostigmine
79
Used as an antidote for atropine poisoning (Acetylcholinesterase drugs - carbamates)
Physostigmine
80
Brand name of carbachol (Acetylcholinesterase drugs - physostigmine analogues)
Miotine
81
__________ and __________ (first-line agent) can be used for myasthenia gravis (Acetylcholinesterase drugs - physostigmine analogues) (NP)
Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine
82
__________ refers to drugs used for Alzheimer's disease
Smart drugs
83
__________, __________, and __________ are smart drugs, which are used for Alzheimer's disease (Acetylcholinesterase drugs) (TDG)
Tacrine, Donepezil, Galantamine
84
Obtained from daffodils and snow bulbs (Acetylcholinesterase drugs -smart drugs)
Galantamine
85
Analogue of physostigmine; has selectivity for the brain, has short half-life (Acetylcholinesterase drugs)
Rivastigmine
86
Also used for schistosomiasis (Acetylcholinesterase drugs - smart drugs)
Metrifonate
87
Obtained from ants and marine worms (Acetylcholinesterase drugs - smart drugs)
Anabaseine
88
Huperzine A is obtained from __________ (Acetylcholinesterase drugs - smart drugs)
Hyperzia serrata
89
__________ is obtained from Huperzia serrata; used for Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia; has specific binding (Acetylcholinesterase drugs - smart drugs)
Huperzine A
90
__________ and __________ are used as nerve gases; banned under the ethical weapons convention (Acetylcholinesterase drugs - organophosphates) (DS)
Dyflos, Sarin
91
Used for chronic glaucoma; is slowly hydrolyzed over a matter of days (Acetylcholinesterase drugs - organophosphates)
Echothiophate
92
__________ and __________ are used as insecticides (Acetylcholinesterase drugs - organophosphates) (MP)
Malathion, Parathion
93
Also used for head lice and scabies (Acetylcholinesterase drugs - organophosphates)
Malathion
94
Its MOA is dephosphorylation (Acetylcholinesterase drugs - organophosphates)
Parathion
95
__________ contains a PO4 group and forms stable bonds with serine residue (Acetylcholinesterase drugs)
Organophosphates
96
Antidote for organophosphate toxicity
Pralidoxime

PH 110 - Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Organic Chemistry (Lec) (14 decks)

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