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PH 110 - Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Organic Chemistry (Lec) > MIDTERM 01 - Local Anti-infectives > Flashcards

MIDTERM 01 - Local Anti-infectives Flashcards

1
Q

He discovered carbolic acid (phenol) in 1867; he is considered as the “father of antiseptic surgery”

A

Joseph Lister

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2
Q

He created antibacterial dyes and antiparasitic organic arsenicals; he also created salvarsan, which is used to treat syphilis; he is considered as the “father of chemotherapy”

A

Paul Ehrlich

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3
Q

Paul Ehrlich proposed the principle of __________, which refers to the property of certain chemicals to kill one type of organism while not harming another

A

Selective toxicity

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4
Q

Year when antimicrobial agents were first used

A

1920s

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5
Q

Anti-infective agents were based on the group-IIB element __________ and group-VA elements __________ and __________ (MAA)

A

Mercury, Arsenic, Antimony

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6
Q

Year when sulfonamides and sulfones were first used

A

1950s

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7
Q

Are anti-infective agents that are used locally

A

Germicides

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8
Q

Are compounds that kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms when applied to living tissue (Subtypes of germicides)

A

Antiseptics

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9
Q

Are agents that prevent transmission of infection by the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms when applied to inanimate objects (Subtypes of germicides)

A

Disinfectants

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10
Q

The most important means of preventing transmission

A

Handwashing

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11
Q

Application of an agent to living tissue for the purpose of preventing infection (Standards for removing microorganisms)

A

Antisepsis

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12
Q

Destruction or marked reduction in the number or activity of microorganisms (Standards for removing microorganisms)

A

Decontamination

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13
Q

Chemical or physical treatment that destroys most vegetative microbes or viruses, but not spores, in or on inanimate surfaces (Standards for removing microorganisms)

A

Disinfection

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14
Q

Reduction of microbial load on an inanimate surface to a level considered acceptable for public health purposes (Standards for removing microorganisms)

A

Sanitization

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15
Q

A process intended to kill or remove all types of microorganisms, including spores, and usually including viruses with an acceptably low probability of survival (Standards for removing microorganisms)

A

Sterilization

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16
Q

A process that kill nonsporulating microorganisms by hot water or steam at 65°C-100°C (Standards for removing microorganisms)

A

Pasteurization

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17
Q

Activity __________ with molecular weight (SAR of primary alcohols against S. aureus)

A

Increases

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18
Q

As chain length __________, van der Waals interactions increase, and the ability to penetrate microbial membranes increases (SAR of primary alcohols against S. aureus)

A

Increases

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19
Q

As water solubility __________, the apparent antimicrobial potency diminishes (SAR of primary alcohols against S. aureus)

A

Decreases

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20
Q

Branching of the alcohol chain __________ antibacterial property (SAR of primary alcohols against S. aureus)

A

Decreases

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21
Q

Mechanism of action for primary alcohols

A

Protein and carbohydrate denaturation

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22
Q

Ranking of alcohols according to activity

A

Primary > Secondary > Tertiary

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23
Q

A product of fermentation from grains and many other carbohydrates; by hydration of ethylene (Alcohol and related compounds)

A

Ethanol (Ethyl alcohol, Wine spirit)

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24
Q

Is ethanol that has been rendered unfit for use in intoxicating beverages by the addition of other substances (Alcohol and related compounds)

A

Denatured alcohol (Methylated spirits, Denatured rectified spirit)

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25
Q

Contains added wood alcohol (methanol) and benzene and is unsuitable for either internal or external use (Alcohol and related compounds - denatured alcohol)

A

Completely denatured alcohol

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26
Q

Is ethanol treated with one or more substances so that its use may be permitted for a specialized purpose (Alcohol and related compounds - denatured alcohol)

A

Specially denatured alcohol

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27
Q

__________ is externally used as an antiseptic, preservative, and mild counterirritant

A

Alcohol

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28
Q

__________ is used as an astringent, rubefacient, and mild local anesthetic

A

Rubbing alcohol

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29
Q

__________ is injected near nerves and ganglia to alleviate pain; has a low narcotic potency and is used internally in diluted form as a mild sedative

A

Ethanol

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30
Q

Uses ethanol as sole solvent (Examples of alcohol preparations)

A

Spirits

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31
Q

Uses water and ethanol as solvent (Examples of alcohol preparations)

A

Tinctures

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32
Q

Uses ethanol as cosolvent (Examples of alcohol preparations)

A

Fluidextracts

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33
Q

Drug that inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase; used to treat alcoholism

A

Disulfiram (Antabuse)

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34
Q

Contains NLT 99% w/w C2H5OH; used as a chemical reagent or solvent; is not ingested (Alcohol and related compounds)

A

Dehydrated alcohol (Absolute ethanol)

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35
Q

Considered as a suitable substitute for ethanol; used as antiseptic for the skin and disinfectant for surgical instruments (Alcohol and related compounds)

A

Isopropyl alcohol

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36
Q

_________% concentration is considered equal in antiseptic efficacy to a 60% ethanol in water solution

A

40%

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37
Q

Used to sterilize medical equipment and certain pharmaceuticals that cannot be heat-sterilized in an autoclave (Alcohol and related compounds)

A

Ethylene oxide (C2H4O)

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38
Q

Ethylene oxide forms explosive mixtures in air at concentrations ranging from __________ to __________ by volume

A

3%-80%

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39
Q

A commercial sterilant containing 10% ethylene oxide and 90% carbon dioxide by volume

A

Carboxide

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40
Q

Is irritating to mucous membranes, causes hardening of the skin, and is carcinogenic (Aldehyde compounds)

A

Formaldehyde (Formalin)

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41
Q

Formalin contains NLT __________% w/v of formaldehyde

A

37%

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42
Q

Is used as a dilute solution for sterilization of equipment and instruments that cannot be autoclaved; is stabilized in alkaline solution (Aldehyde compounds)

A

Glutaraldehyde

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43
Q

Remains the standard to which the activity of most germicidal substances is compared

A

Phenol, USP

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44
Q

The ratio of a dilution of a given test disinfectant to the dilution of phenol that is required to kill a strain of Salmonella typhi under carefully controlled time and temperature conditions

A

Phenolic coefficient

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45
Q

Substitution of alkyl, aryl, and halogen (especially in the __________ position) increases bactericidal activity (SAR of phenol)

46
Q

Substitution with alkyl, aryl, and halogen (especially in the para position) groups __________ bactericidal activity (SAR of phenol)

47
Q

Straight-chain alkyl groups __________ bactericidal activity more than branched groups (SAR of phenol)

48
Q

Alkylated phenols and resorcinols are __________ toxic than the parent compounds while retaining bactericidal properties (SAR of phenol)

49
Q

Phenols denature bacterial proteins at __________ concentrations (SAR of phenol)

50
Q

Lysis of bacterial cell membranes with phenols occur at __________ concentrations (SAR of phenol)

51
Q

Considered as a protoplasmic poison (caustic to the skin); is used occasionally as an antipruritic in phenolated calamine lotion (Phenols and their derivatives)

A

Phenol/Carbolic acid

52
Q

Is simply phenol containing 10% water; the liquid form is convenient because it can be measured and transferred easily (Phenols and their derivatives)

A

Liquefied phenol

53
Q

Used in combination with camphor in liquid petrolatum as an external antiseptic and anti-irritant (Phenols and their derivatives)

A

p-Chlorophenol

54
Q

Phenol coefficient of p-chlorophenol

55
Q

A nonirritating antiseptic agent; marketed in a 2% conc. as a shampoo; used topically for the treatment of Tinea (ringworm) infections such as athlete’s foot (Tinea pedis) and jock itch (Tinea cruris) (Phenols and their derivatives)

A

p-Chloro-m-xylenol (PC-MX; Metasep)

56
Q

A biphenol that generally possesses greater potency than a monophenol; increased degree of chlorination increases its antiseptic potency further; banned by the FDA as an OTC (Phenols and their derivatives)

A

Hexachlorophene

57
Q

A mixture of isomeric methylphenols; has an unpleasant odor (Phenols and their derivatives)

58
Q

Phenol coefficient of cresol

59
Q

A component of Strepsils that is an example of cresol derivative

A

Amylmetacresol

60
Q

Is only slightly soluble in water; at the low concentration that can be achieved in aqueous media, the compound is only useful as a preservative (Phenols and their derivatives)

A

Chlorocresol (4-chloro-3-methylphenol)

61
Q

Is extracted from the oil of thyme (Thymus vulgaris); has mild fungicidal properties and is used in alcohol solutions and dusting powders to treat Tinea (ringworm) infections (Phenols and their derivatives)

62
Q

Is obtained primarily from clove oil; has both anesthetic and antiseptic activity and can be directly applied on a piece of cotton to relieve toothaches; also used in mouthwashes (Phenols and their derivatives)

63
Q

Phenol coefficient of eugenol

64
Q

A weak antiseptic; a keratolytic agent; used in 1-3% concentrations in solutions, ointments, and pastes, and in 10-20% concentrations for the treatment of skin conditions (Phenols and their derivatives)

A

Resorcinol (m-Dihydroxybenzene; Resorcin)

65
Q

Phenol coefficient of resorcinol

66
Q

An effective antiseptic (both bactericidal and fungicidal); it possesses surfactant properties; has local anesthetic activity (Phenols and their derivatives)

A

Hexylresorcinol (4-Hexylresorcinol)

67
Q

Phenol coefficient of hexylresorcinol

68
Q

The germicidal activity of __________ depend on their ability to liberate oxygen in the tissues

A

Oxidizing agents

69
Q

Is a stable complex of urea and hydrogen peroxide; used as an antiseptic and disinfectant; effective in the treatment of oral ulcerations and in dental care (Oxidizing agents)

A

Carbamide peroxide topical solution

70
Q

In its pure powder form, it is explosive; in 5% & 10% concentrations, it is used as a keratolytic and keratogenic; it is used in the treatment of acne (Oxidizing agents)

A

Hydrous benzoyl peroxide

71
Q

Used in iodine tincture, strong iodine solution, and iodine solution; one of the most effective and useful of the germicides

A

Elemental iodine (I2)

72
Q

Probably acts to inactivate proteins by iodination of aromatic residues and oxidation; used as a bactericidal and fungicidal (Halogen containing agents)

73
Q

Used in presurgical disinfection of the incision site; used to treat infected wounds and damage to the skin; effective for both bacterial and fungal infections (Halogen containing agents - iodophors)

A

Povidone-iodine (Betadine; Isodine; Polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone [PVP] - iodine)

74
Q

2% iodine in 50% alcohol with sodium iodide (Examples of iodine preparations)

A

Iodine tincture

75
Q

5% iodine in water with potassium iodide (Examples of iodine preparations)

A

Strong iodine solution (Lugol’s solution)

76
Q

2% iodine in water with sodium iodide (Examples of iodine preparations)

A

Iodine solution

77
Q

Optimal antiseptic effect of chlorine-containing compounds is at around pH __________

78
Q

HClO (Organic or inorganic chlorine-containing compound)

79
Q

NaOCl (Organic or inorganic chlorine-containing compound)

80
Q

Ca(OCl)2 (Organic or inorganic chlorine-containing compound)

81
Q

N-chloro compounds (Organic or inorganic chlorine-containing compound)

82
Q

A photosensitive compound; is used to disinfect drinking water (Halogen containing agents - chlorine containing compounds)

A

Halazone (p-Dichlorosulfamoylbenzoic acid)

83
Q

Unstable to light or heat; used in very dilute solutions to disinfect wounds, as packing for dental caries, and for lavage and irrigation (Halogen containing agents - chlorine containing compounds)

A

Chloroazodin (N,N-Dichlorodicarbonamidine; Azochloramid)

84
Q

Chloroazodin explodes above __________°C

85
Q

The antiseptic action of __________ is long lasting because of its extremely slow reaction with water (Halogen containing agents - chlorine containing compounds)

A

Chloroazodin

86
Q

Is the complex of the sodium salt of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and hypochlorous acid; has rapid-cidal action against most microorganisms (Halogen containing agents - chlorine containing compounds)

A

Oxychlorosene sodium (Oxychlorosene; Clorpactin)

87
Q

Compounds that are ionized in water and exhibit surface-active properties (Cationic surfactants)

A

Quaternary ammonium compounds

88
Q

2 structural moieties of quaternary ammonium compounds

A

Cationic head group (hydrophilic); Long hydrocarbon tail (lipophilic)

89
Q

Benzalkonium chloride, methylbenzethonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, and chlorhexidine gluconate are all examples of __________

A

Quaternary ammonium compounds (Cationic surfactants)

90
Q

Cationic dyes are active against __________ bacteria and many fungi

A

Gram-positive

91
Q

__________ bacteria are generally resistant against cationic dyes

A

Gram-negative

92
Q

Used as vaginal suppository for treatment of yeast infection and anthelmintic for strongyloides and oxyuriasis (Dyes)

A

Gentian violet (Crystal violet; Methyl violet)

93
Q

Used as an ingredient of carbolfuchsin (Castellani’s paint); treatment of fungal infection, ringworm, and athlete’s foot (Dyes)

A

Basic Fuchsin

94
Q

Used as treatment for methemoglobinemia (low conc.) and is a cause of methemoglobinemia (high conc.); used as an antidote for cyanide poisoning (Dyes)

A

Methylene blue

95
Q

Used for syphilis (Mercurials - inorganic mercury compounds)

A

Elemental mercury

96
Q

Used as an antiseptic (Mercurials - inorganic mercury compounds)

A

Mercuric chloride, Mercurous chloride (Calomel)

97
Q

Used for skin infections such as impetigo, psoriasis, and ringworm (Mercurials - inorganic mercury compounds)

A

Ammoniated mercury [Hg(NH2)Cl]

98
Q

Used for eye infection (Mercurials - inorganic mercury compounds)

A

Mercuric oxide

99
Q

Its use is not recommended (Types of mercurials)

A

Inorganic mercury compounds

100
Q

2 types of mercurials (IO)

A

Inorganic mercury compounds, Organic mercury compounds

101
Q

Usually employed as antiseptics, preservatives, or diuretics (Types of mercurials)

A

Organic mercury compounds

102
Q

Compounds with at least one carbon-mercury bond _________ ionize readily

103
Q

Compounds with mercury bonded to heteroatoms (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur) ionize __________ or __________ (PC)

A

Partially, Completely

104
Q

Organic mercury compounds react with sulfhydryl (-SH) groups in enzymes and other proteins to form covalent compounds of the type __________

105
Q

Are used to prevent microbial contamination and maintain sterility

A

Preservatives

106
Q

Have antifungal properties; activity generally increases with molecular weight (Preservatives)

A

p-Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives

107
Q

__________ is most effective against molds (Preservatives - p-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives)

A

Methyl ester

108
Q

__________ is most effective against yeasts (Preservatives - p-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives)

A

Propyl ester

109
Q

The more lipid-soluble __________ is the preferred preservative for drugs in oil or lipophilic base (Preservatives - p-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives)

A

Propyl ester

110
Q

4 examples of p-Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives (MEPB)

A

Methylparaben, Ethylparaben, Propylparaben, Butylparaben

111
Q

A p-Hydroxybenzoic acid derivative that is not used in products anymore

A

Butylparaben

PH 110 - Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Organic Chemistry (Lec) (8 decks)

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