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Anatomy > Middle Mediastinum / Heart > Flashcards

Middle Mediastinum / Heart Flashcards

1
Q

what are the divisions of the mediastinum? where are they?

A

superior mediastinum - sternal angle at TV2 to the sternal angle of Louis at TV4-5

inferior mediastinum - sternal angle of Louis to diaphragm

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2
Q

what are the divisions of the inferior mediastinum?

A

anterior
middle
posterior

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3
Q

where does the anterior mediastinum lie?

A

between sternum and pericardium

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4
Q

what is in the anterior mediastinum?

A

fat and lymph nodes

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5
Q

where is the middle mediastinum

A

between mediastinal pleura and pericardium

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6
Q

what is in the inferior middle mediastinum

A

pericardium
heart
great vessels

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7
Q

where are the phrenic nerves located?

A

between mediastinal pleura and pericardium

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8
Q

what is the pericardium?what is in it?

A

sac that surrounds the heart and proximal aspect of great vessels

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9
Q

where is the pericardial cavity

A

located between parietal and visceral pericardial layers

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10
Q

where do the great vessels enter/exit the heart?

A

parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium

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11
Q

what structures are in the posterior mediastinum?

A

structures that extend the full length of the thoracic cavity

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12
Q

what structures extend the full length of the thoracic cavity

A

thoracic aorta
esophagus
vagus nerves
azygos system of veins
thoracic duct

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13
Q

what does the aorta do?

A

carry oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body

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14
Q

what is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

remanants of fetal ductus arteriosus that connects inferior arch of the aorta to the left pulmonary artery

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15
Q

what is the function of the superior vena cava vs inferior vena cava?

A

blood return from upper body to right atrium vs blood return from lower body to right atrium

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16
Q

what does the pulmonary trunk do?

A

carry unoxygenated, arterial blood from right ventricle to lungs via pulmonary arteries

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17
Q

what are the pulmonary arteries?

A

parallel bronchi that distribute to the bronchipulmonary segments

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18
Q

what do pulmonary veins do? how many of them are there?

A

two in each lung that return oxygenated blood to the left atrium

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19
Q

what is the atrioventricular sulcus

A

a coronary groove that separates atria from ventricles

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20
Q

what can be found in the AV sulcus?

A

right coronary artery
circumflex artery
coronary sinus

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21
Q

where is the right coronary artery?

A

at the av sulcus, on the right anterior aspect and loops around posteriorly

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22
Q

what is the circumflex artery?

A

a branch of the left coronary artery on left lateral side

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23
Q

what is the function of the coronary sinus? what is received there?

A

main venous channel of the heart
great, middle and small cardiac veins

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24
Q

what is the interventricular sulcus?

A

a division between right and left ventricle in anterior and posterior fashion

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25
Q

what is the LAD

A

left anterior descending artery
branch of the left coronary artery

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26
Q

what is the PDA

A

posterior descending artery

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27
Q

what is a right dominant heart vs a left dominant heart

A

if the PDA is a termination of the right coronary artery it is right dominant

if the PDA is a branch off the circumflex artery it is (left dominant)

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28
Q

what is the right border of the heart formed by? where is it located?

A

right atrium / right parasternal line

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29
Q

what is the left border of the heart formed by?

A

left ventricle and part of left auricle

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30
Q

what is the apex of the heart formed by?

A

left ventricle and lies in 5th ICS 3.5 inches to the left

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31
Q

what is the inferior border formed by?

A

right ventricle sitting on diaphragm

32
Q

what is the superior border formed by?

A

great vessels
aorta
superior vena cava
pulmonary trunk

33
Q

what makes up the internal surface?

A

right and left atrium
left and right ventricle

34
Q

what are the pectinate muscles

A

original atrial portion of the heart and are in the right auricle

35
Q

what is the coronary sinus?

A

cardiac vein that brings blood to the right atrium

36
Q

what are the anterior cardiac veins and how many of them are there?

A

veins that are on the anterior wall of the right ventricle
3

37
Q

what are the venae cordis minimae

A

capillary beds of the myocardium of the right atrium

38
Q

what is the fossa ovalis

A

a depression in the interatrial septum

39
Q

what is the foramen ovale

A

during embryo and fetus stages, it is a gap in the heart that allows for blood to pass from right to left side w/o going to lungs

40
Q

is the right or left ventricle thicker?

A

left

41
Q

what are the trabeculae carnae

A

rough interior surface of right ventricle that is formed by ridges of muscle

42
Q

how many papillary muscles are there? what are their names

A

3
anterior, posterior and septal

43
Q

what do the papillary muscles connect to?

A

chordae tendinae
septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)

44
Q

what is the chordae tendinae? what is their function

A

cord-like structures that extend between valves to the papillary muscles
hold valves to prevent prolapse during systole

45
Q

what is the septomarginal trabecula?

A

fibers of the conduction system that extend from the intraventricular septum to the base of anterior papillary muscle

46
Q

what is the left atrium composed of?

A

smooth muscle wall that receives blood from 4 or 5 pulmonary veins

47
Q

what is the left ventricle made of

A

extensive trabeculae carnae
2 papillary muscles (ant/post)
chordae tendinae

48
Q

what are the four valves in the heart

A

pulmonary semilunar
aortic semilunar
tricuspid
bicuspid (mitral)

49
Q

what does the pulmonary semilunar valve do? where is it?

A

3 semilunar cusps that control outflow of blood from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk

anterior to aortic valve

50
Q

what is the aortic semilunar valve? what comes from it?

A

three semilunar cusps that control blood from left ventricle to the ascending aorta

right and left coronary arteries branching from aortic sinus

51
Q

what is the tricuspid valve?

A

3 leaflets - right atrium to right ventricle

52
Q

what is the bicuspid valve

A

2 leaflets - control blood from left atrium to left ventricle

53
Q

what is the right coronary artery

A

artery that originates from ascending aorta in the AV sulcus

54
Q

what are the branches of the right coronary artery

A

right atrial / SA nodal branch
right marginal branch
posterior interventricular descending branch

55
Q

where is the right atrial branch of the right coronary artery

A

heads toward superior vena cava over the anterior surface of right atrium to the SA node

56
Q

where is the right marginal branch
what does it do

A

apex along the acute margin to supply inferior aspect of right ventricle

57
Q

what is the job of the posterior interventricular branch

A

small branch to the AV node and descends to posterior sulcus to supply both ventricles

58
Q

what is the AV nodal artery

A

brach of the posterior IV branch

59
Q

what are the branches of the left coronary artery?

A

LAD artery
circumflex artery

60
Q

where is the left coronary artery

A

ascending aorta behind the left cusp of the aortic valve and foes between pulmonary trunk and left auricle

61
Q

what are the veins

A

great cardiac
middle cardiac
small cardiac
coronary sinus
anterior cardiac

62
Q

what does the great cardiac vein do

A

accompanies LAD / beginning of coronary sinus in AV groove

63
Q

what does the middle cardiac vein do?

A

accompanies the PDA / empties into coronary sinus

64
Q

what does the small cardiac vein do?

A

goes along the inferior, acute margin of the heart with right coronary artery / drains into coronary sinus at right atrium

65
Q

what is the function of the coronary sinus

A

lies in AV groove posteriorly and empties into right atrium

66
Q

what does the anterior cardiac vein do

A

bridges across AV sulcus and right coronary artery to empty into right atrium

67
Q

what are the innervation points of the heart

A

SA node
AV node
AV bundle
Extrensic Nerves

68
Q

what is the SA node / where is it

A

collection of specialized cardiac muscle cells in wall of right atrium at junction of superior vena cava and sulcus terminales

69
Q

what does the SA node do? what special about it?

A

“pacemaker”
origin of intrinsic electrical impulse
has its own rhythm of 72 bpm

70
Q

what is the AV node? what does it do?

A

specialized myocardial cells in the interatrial septum
relays nerve impulses to the AV bundle

71
Q

what is the AV bundle

A

specialized myocardium that passes from the AV node and transmits impulses through the IV septum to right and left side

72
Q

what fibers are found in the ventricular walls? what signals them?

A

Purkinje fibers signaled by AV bundle

73
Q

what are the extrensic nerves that control the heart?

A

Vagus Nerve
Cardiac Sympathetic

74
Q

what does the vagus nerve do to the heart? what can it be categorized as?

A

preganglionic parasympathetic fiber within the atria of the heart near SA/AV nodes
decreases heart rate

75
Q

what does the cardiac sympathetic nerves do to the heart?

A

cardiac splanchnic nerves from cervical and upper thoracic symp chain that increase heart rate

Anatomy (19 decks)

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