Middle East

Question 1

Politics

Answer 1

1. -city-state
   - controlled city and surrounding area
2. Caliphs
   -political unrest
   -succession
   -problem
   Islam-Theocratic Rulers- codified Islamic law
3. Sultan
   - Provincial gov’t
   - centralized power
4. -Ottoman decline
   - centralized, but
   
   • not around economy
5. -Turkish state
   -Sultan kicked out
   Ataturk- father of the Turks

Question 2

Economy

Answer 2

1. Trade
   - great traders
   - agricultural
2. Participated in trade
   - Trans Sahara Trade
   - Silk Road/Route
   - Indian Ocean Trade
3. -Initially dominated trade (beginning)
   - Indian Ocean, African Coast -
4. Trade still go on
   - no longer dominant traders/master traders
5. WWI- join central power (lost)
   - “Attempted” Industrialization
   - Iran, Iraq- Oil supply (econ based)

Question 3

Social Class/Gender

Answer 3

1. -Men work (more freedom)
   - Women confined to home
   - Slavery (owned slaves)
   - from E.Africa
2. Education- more opportunities
   Women- married at puberty
   - equal before Allah
3. Harems established
   -female slaves, women had some rights
   Social Class: 1)Sultan 2)Gov’t Officials 3)Reg Officials 4)General people (peasants, Merchants..)
4. Women
   - stayed same, had some property rights
   - not really property of men
   - hardly any rights
   - devalued
5. Women
   - Even with pressure from West. Stayed same
   - negative effect, treatments
   - still had to wear the clothes to cover the whole body

Question 4

Science/Inventions

Answer 4

1. -Independent innovations
   - 4000BCE Bronze, Copper
   - Wheel, irrigation canals
   - number system (from India, improved)
   - Navigation tools
2. Mathematics
   -Algebra, Geometry…etc
   Science -Objective experiment
   -navigation: astrolabe improved
   -Medicine
3. Military Tech
   - canons, guns
   - advanced medically
   - Medicines
   - Science- navigation tools, atstronomy
4. -Affected by western science
   - overtaken (no longer dominant
   - stayed isolated
5. -Fall of USSR
   - start accepting west influence

Question 5

Art/Architecture

Answer 5

1. Architecture
   - Ziggurats
   - glory of civilization
2. -Calligraphy, designs
   - Minarets
   - Mosques
   - Literature
   - Poetic works: Arabian Nights”
3. -Mosques
   - Minarets
   - Mosaics
4. Arts
   - still had Mosques
   - Minarets
   - Mosaics
   - styles still there, but
   - due to decline of empire, corruption, little time for art
5. Arts
   -still have, but not much developments
   improvements

Question 6

Empire

Answer 6

1. Regional Kingdom
   - Babylonians
   - Acadians…etc
2. -Islamic
   - regular civil wars
   - 1258 Mongols overran Islamic empire
3. Ottoman Empire
   - “Gunpowder Empire”
   - Safavid Persia
4. “Sick man of Europe”
   - decline of Ottoman Empire
   - Balkans
   - seeking independence
5. Young Turks
   - Secularization, sceiences technology
   - Iran vs Iraq
   - Turkey formed

Question 7

Religion

Answer 7

1. -Polytheistic
   - Animistic
   - Many gods
2. Islam
   - Suffi’s
   - respect for Jews/Christians
   - People of the book
3. Islam
   - divided
   - Sunni vs. Shi’a
4. Islam
   - unifying force
   - Sunni vs. Shi’a conflict
   - tolerant of other religions to some extent
5. Islam
   - more focused on religion
   - tried to become like before