Eastern Europe

Question 1

Politics

Answer 1

1. Religion based
Hierarchal system
Delegation of responsibility
Bureaucratic codification 
6th century Justinian rule – restore Rome

2. Mongol invasion 1237-1241
   - Russia divided into small kingdoms, Tartars control
   - left day to day control to locals
3. Ivan III/IV - Free from Mongols – 1480, Empire expanded eastward
   Russia – centralization of authority
   Peter the Great – St. Petersburg as capital, Parliamentary government, Secret police
   First Russian navy
4. -Russia – tsar continued to be all powerful
   - Prussia – remained militaristic and authoritarian
   - Duma created, but no real power
   - Local rulers – zemstvoes regulate roads, schools
   - Military officers based on meritocracy
5. Tsarist regime falls apart
   Army in full retreat
   USSR formed – collapses following cold war
   Soviet troops occupy all of eastern Europe
   Gorbachev tries to reform
   frees E. European nations
   updated authoritarian structure in reality

Question 2

Economy

Answer 2

1. Byzantine empire
   Most important western terminal of the Silk Road
   Constantinople located on important trade routs

2. Trade lapsed under Tartars
North-south commerce never returned
Moscow – trade, tribute collector
Most part, remained agricultural
Trades with nomadic people

3. Key economy bound to agriculture
Devalued merchant class
Limited commercial exchange
Systemized tax system
Metallurgy and mining
Economics funded military

4. Backward position in trade
   Exported some grain to W. Europe
   Trade deficit lessened by increasing serf output, not improving industry
   - realizes the need to industrialize
   But sill doesn’t want to be materialistic

5. COMECON
Economies nationalized
Collectivization under state planned control
Soviet welfare system
Focus on heavy industry 
Lenin’s New economic policy
Russia-five year plan

Question 3

Social class/Gender

Answer 3

1. Serfdom began in Middle Age
   Original sin devalues women
2. Influx of jews
   Monogamy replaced polygamy
   Fairly free farmers
   Boyars-aristocrats-less political power
3. Feudalism
   Peter the Great encourages serfdom
   Women and nobles forced to dress in western fashions
   Men shaved beards – denial of Mongol tradition
   Power to upper class women
4. Emancipating serfs 1861
   -but most indebted, life doesn’t improve
   Increased literacy
   Some upper class women have access to new careers
   Pogroms against Jews
5. Muslim population growth
   Lenin’s New Economic Policy gave freedom to small businesses, peasant landowners – more power
   Education started to spread – literacy

Question 4

Science Inventions

Answer 4

1. NA
2. NA
3. Focus on Serfs-cheap labor force impeded invention or new scientific ideas
   John Desarguliers builds first steam engine outside England
4. Western machinery imported
   Outdated agricultural methods – hard to compete
   Mendel and some peas, Pavlov and his dog
5. Cold War – Arms race, space race Scientists highly respected
   Research heavily funded
   Direction/research determined by government – want applied science

Question 5

Architecture

Answer 5

1. Hagia Sophia
   Mosaic
   Religion based
2. Ornate churches
   Icons, illuminated manuscripts
   Religious art vs. local music, street performers & theater
3. Not part of Renaissance due to illiterate Mongols
   Architecture of city done by serfs
   Romanov Policy
   - Italian artists/architects to work on churches/palaces
4. Beginning of some arts flourish
   -Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Tchaikivsky
   Nationalist pride through dictionaries, histories, folktales, music
5. Art-attacked western style
   Classical arts
   Literature walked line of angering government – still discussed patriotism/Russian

Question 6

Empire

Answer 6

1. Byzantine Empire
2. Kievan Rus
   could not replicate Byzantine
   Kievan decline – rival princes set up regional governments
   Rapid decline of Byzantium
3. Connection to Byzantine Empire
   - married niece of emperor
   Expansion – fought Ottoman Empire
   Fall of Byzantine Empire (1453)
4. NA
5. NA

Question 7

Religion

Answer 7

1. Animist – gods of sun, thunder, wind and fire
2. Vladimir I convert to Christianity
   forced conversion
   Splendor of Orthodox religious ceremonies
   Religion allowed to have vernacular languages
3. Orthodox Christianity moved to Moscow
   Romanov family – state control over Russian Orthodox Church
4. Russification – all Russians had to convert to Orthodoxy
5. Soviet schools taught religion as myth under Stalin
   No church service to under 18