Mediterranean

Question 1

Politics

Answer 1

1. • Persian Empire: governors and law code
     - Greece: city states (Athenian democracy)
     - Roman Republic (510 - 23 BCE): Senate/Assembly
     - Roman Empire (23 BCE – 576 CE): bureaucrats
2. Byzantine: absolute authority
   Secular rulers
   Justianian Code
3. Spain: Ferdinand + Isabella (Christian North + Muslim South) = nation state
4. • Unification of Italy – Victor Emmanuel (1870) (helped by Revolution of 1848) - Italy before (mid 1800s): foreign controlled small kingdoms
     – power of nationalism
     - Iberian colonies freeing selves
     - Italy: Triple Alliance
5. WWI - Conflict in Balkans
   Italy changes sides for alliances
   – want N territories controlled by Austria (later got some, but not all they wanted)
   Interwar – Fascist Italy, Mussolini – aggression
   * no absolutes!

Question 2

Economy

Answer 2

1. Trade – among Med (1st controlled by Phoenicians/ Greeks), and also with Africa (Trans-Saharan) and Silk Roads (connected to China)
   - necessary b/c large scale agriculture impossible
2. East Byzantine: trade
   - at crossroads
   - commercial, cultural connections
3. • Byzantines not dominant
     - Iberian wave of exploration
     - start off strong, later replaced by more W. Europe
     - Got lots of wealth, but spent just as quickly
4. • N. Italian city-states rich - N. Italy industrializes
     - Portuguese coastal settlements (esp. India), and quite harsh w/ African colonies
     - Italy – not really colonizing (humiliating loss to Ethiopia)
5. Interwar period – global econ crisis
   Fascists want to protect enterprise
   Economic Globalization – Italy in G-8

Question 3

Social Class/Gender

Answer 3

1. Classes:
   - citizens (adult males)
   - free people (no pol rights)
   - noncitizens, slaves
   or patricians, plebians, slaves
   Women: inferior (marry in teens) but role in religion
2. Serfdom
   Women: domestic participate in trade/craft
3. • Women: Overall Europe some awareness of injustices
     - limited opportunities
4. Women: some movement to equality (esp. industrialization)
   - also w/ indus.: changes in classes (rise of middle)

5. Fascists (unlike Communists) don’t want to eliminate private property, class distinctions
Women: roles changed during war - suffrage

Question 4

Science/Inventions

Answer 4

1. Medicine
Astronomy (Ptolemy)
Engineering (Roman roads, aqueducts)
Philosophy
*slavery – applied sci  behind 	

2. Printing press – Gutenberg (1436): increased impact of new ideas
   1252: Gunpowder to Europe
   - Muslims in Spain maintained Greek/Roman learning
3. • (Muslims) Preserved past – added to math and science
     - Navigational tech
     - Scientific Revolution
4. Many associated w/ Industrial Revolution
5. Mussolini – attempts to modernize Italy (brought medicine/tech to backward parts)

Question 5

Art/Architecture

Answer 5

1. Classical – pillars, arches
   - realistic human statues
   - literature (Homer)
   Rome borrowed from G

2. -Greek Orthodox Church:
Blend of Greek & Roman elements 
      Domes
      Icons
Cathedrals – Romanesque, Gothic	

3. • Exploration/colonization ensured spread of culture
     - Renaissance (esp. Italy) - Humanism
4. Artists experimented with new styles
   New literary trends (Romanticism, realism)
5. Media used for propaganda (e.g. for war) – Advertisements
   More new styles (cubism)

Question 6

Empire

Answer 6

1. Alexander the Great
Collapse of Roman
-split into east and west
- internal/external factors 
East Roman → Byzantine (Justianian reconquest of N. Africa, Italy, Spain coast)	

2. • Byzantine
     - 800 CE Holy Roman Empire starts in West
3. • Greece/Rome essentially forgotten
     - Weakening of Byzantine
4. Splitting into different countries (e.g. new nation of Italy)
   Greece, Egypt launch independence movements
   Eastern Question – decline of Ottoman
5. Spanish Civil War (training ground for new weapons) – not so directly involved in WW
   No longer a unifying empire, but separate countries
   – hard to make generalizations

Question 7

Religion

Answer 7

1. Originally polytheistic
   - Constantine: Edict of Milan (313 CE) legal status to Christianity
2. Byzantine = Greek Orthodox Church
   West = Roman Catholic Church
   (1054 Great Schism)
3. Spain –ties w/ Catholic church
   Spanish Inquisition for heretics
   Protestant Reformation/ Catholic Reformation
4. Mostly continuities – e.g. Scientific Rev. challenged aspects of Roman Catholicism, but people learned to be both
5. Now most of the area = Roman Catholic, but some Eastern Churches (Orthodox, etc), some Sunni Muslim