Middle childhood: Social development

Question 1

how does parent’s role changes on social development during middle childhood?

Answer 1

before primary school, big role, help with various activities, big expenses, teach and protect
end of this periods- children want to make more of their own decisions, less dependent on parent for active help; show more dissatisfaction with rules, compare their family with others - question parents decisions if their other friends are allowed

Question 2

what does in mean when the child and parent co-regulate?

Answer 2

parents are still main controllers but allow child to make decisions of certain moments

Question 3

what are the 3 different models that represents different ways of thinking about the influence in the family?

Answer 3

Parent effects model: influence run 1 way from parent to child- parent has major influence
Child effects model: child influence parents- manipulate easy going parents not strict
Bi-directional model: parents and child effect eachother- reinforce eachothers behavior- if relationship goe sbad= child problems but it can also be key to positive child development

Question 4

which of the 3 models of influences in the family is most effective?

Answer 4

parents effect most effective and NB- parents has major influence on childs behavior but parents not only influence as child grows older, random events can also have effects

Question 5

what are the 3 ways in which parents contribute to child’s socialization?

Answer 5

Parent as direct instructors: responsible for transmitting values and attitudes/ scaffhold their social development
Parents as indirect socialisers: through their own behavior/ if child experience security- develop internal working model
Parents as social managers: manage child experiences and social lives- nb for type of environment child is exposed- during middle childhood - parenting from a distance

Question 6

How do discipline and punishment differ?

Answer 6

discipline is method of teaching child character, self-control, morals, appropriate behavior
punishment is method to only stop behavior for a moment and does not promote self-discipline

Question 7

what are the most improtant features of positive discipline?

Answer 7

Parental behaviors: leadership and take control and good behavior
Establishing rules and setting limits: sense of security and guides behavior
Offering choices: empowers them - reduces defensiveness and resentment
Consistance and follow-through: clear communications about consequences- act on disobedience
Positive feedback: encourage behavior- build self-esteem
Punishment that teaches:method of training and controlling- getting child to stop doing something

Question 8

why should inductive techniques rather be used than power assertions to discipline a child?

Answer 8

discussion and explanation should be used rather than spanking and shouting - lays a foundation

Question 9

what are 3 things that needs to be considered when it comes to punishment?

Answer 9

should be used properly
parent get back what they put it with respect and punishment
how parent use tactic is more NB than what tactic is used
offer oppertunities to make amends

Question 10

what is sibling bullying?

Answer 10

conflictual, competitive and hostile relationships- inability to understand state of mind- rivalry, jelousy, hostility, low levels of empathy

Question 11

what are the 5 types of sibling relationships?

Answer 11

caregiver; buddy; critical or conflictual; rival; casual

Question 12

how does a child’s interaction differ between a peer and parents?

Answer 12

child interact with peer for friendship, fellowship, affection
child interact with parent for protection, care

Question 13

why is there more solidarity and cohesion between friendgroups during middle childhood?

Answer 13

increasing conformity, more stable collection of friends who share common goals and who have achoeved a social structure to meet those goals

Question 14

what are the 7 most imprtant functions of a peer group?

Answer 14

provides comradeship
provide oppertunity to try out new behaviors
facilitates the transfer of knowledge
teaches its memebers obedience to rules
helps reinforce gender roles
causes the weakening bond between child and parent
provide experience of reltionship where they can compete equally

Question 15

what are the negative effects of a too stong attachment to a peer group?

Answer 15

participate in undesirable/ illegal activities- peer pressure
cannot develop self-reliance and independence

Question 16

one-to-one friendship contributes to which 2 factors?

Answer 16

trust and sensitivity

Question 17

what are the 3 phases in which a friendship progress?

Answer 17

Play-based friendship- 3 to 7 years
Loyal and faithful friends- 8 to 11 years
Intimate friends- adolescence and on- share personal things

Question 18

what is peer acceptance and how does it differ from friendships?

Answer 18

extend to which child is viewed by peer sd s eorthy social partner. not a mutual relationship

Question 19

what are socio-metric techniques?

Answer 19

methods for determining who is liked/disliked in group

Question 20

what are the 4 categories of social status?

Answer 20

popular (prosocial/ antisocial)
rejected (aggressive/withdrawn)
neglected
controversial- liked my many also disliked by many

Question 21

what is peer victimisation and what are the 7 types of bullying?

Answer 21

bullying when certain child becomes target of verbal/ physical attacks: Types:
physical
emotional- rumours, blackmail
verbal
non-verbal/ gesture- offensive signs, degrading looks
relational/ exclusion- demand for money
sexual

Question 22

what are the 3 types of bullies?

Answer 22

Aggressive- aggression towards anyone does not matter their authority/ social status- have good self-image- stronger - modern bully uses tech
Anxious- share characteristics with victims- poor self image- few frriends- emotionally unstable
Group adherents- who follow bullies- easily dominated- passive, feel guilty

Question 23

what are the effects of bullying on the victim?

Answer 23

violates human rights to dignitiy, freedom
physical - psychosomatic symptoms- headache
loss of apetite, poor posture
emotional - depression, suicide, fear
social- isolation, withdrawal
education- absent, loss of concentration, lower academics

Question 24

what are the effect of bullying on the bully?

Answer 24

not develop lasting friendships, not do well in school, do crime, abuse drugs, as adult they are antisocial and abuse their family

Question 25

why do some children bully others?

Answer 25

imitate behavior of parents
socio-economic factors- gangs
poor self-image, desire to dominate
was bullied
not taught values

Question 26

ICT is prime socialising agent for children!

Name the 3 theories that explain the effect of media exposure?

Answer 26

social learning thoery- child imitates what they see on tv
cognitive development theory- cognitive capacities at different stages influence how child understand media content
superpeer theory- media is like friend that make risky behavior seem normal

Question 27

what are the effects of watching TV on the socialization of children?

Answer 27

family values- alter authority structures
family interaction- enhanced by watching tv togerher- also family conflict
violence and aggression
sexual attitudes
drugs- abuse in movies , ads

Question 28

what are the cons and pros of the internet?

Answer 28

pros- communication tools, does not isolate children from family/ peers, more interaction
cons- not sintinct between internet and real life, cyber bullying, may isolate, become desensitised

Question 29

what is the online disinhibtion effect?

Answer 29

annonymes nature of text messaging encourage people to say things they would not normally say

Question 30

what are the negative effects of having a cellphone at a young age?

Answer 30

cyber bullying
innapropraite pictures
porn
disrupts classroom learning
less self-reliant

Question 31

how can parents protect children from innapropraite cellphone use?

Answer 31

know content of programs
rules for when it may be used
ask child what mobile content he likes
not break trust by reading messages
not answer number they dont know
not reply to spam email
educate child- websites that empower them

Question 32

define moral development

Answer 32

process where children learn moral principles which allows them to judge behavior in a certain society as good/ bad and direct their own behavior

Question 33

what is the function of moral education?

Answer 33

aim to maintain social order whilst allowing child to function optimally in their culture

Question 34

what are 3 theories that looks at moral development and what do each on focus on?

Answer 34

social learning theory (erikson)- concentrate on moral behavior
cognitive development theory- focus on moral reasoning
psychoanalytic theory (freud)- emphasize moral feelings and emotions- child and parents relationship NB basis

Question 35

what is moral emotions?

Answer 35

terms based on the idea that moral decision making is often emotional. child understand emotional consequences of events

Question 36

according to the PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY, how does a child learn moral rules and what does these rule form?

Answer 36

learn it when identifying with same gender parent

rules forms the superego, moral judge

Question 37

name the parts of the superego and their emotions when not fulfilled?

Answer 37

conscious (what good children not do) - guilt
ego ideal (things they ought to do)- shame

Question 38

according to Erikson’s view how does a child learn moral rules and what is an emotion he adds to the psychoanalytic view?

Answer 38

learn moral rules from boths parents

adds pride

Question 39

what did developmental psychologist found regarding moral rules?

Answer 39

positive emotions like empathy juts as NB in moral development

Question 40

what are the 3 emotional settings that determines if a person will help others or not?

Answer 40

feelings of responsibility
feelings of competence
mood

Question 41

according to the learing theorists, how does children learn to behave morally?

Answer 41

through reward, punishsment, modelling

Question 42

What is B.F Skinner’s view on moral behavior

Answer 42

Skinner’s operant conditioining says children learn moral behavior via consequences. parent reward child for good moral behavior or punish for bad behavior

Question 43

what does SOCIAL LEARNING THOERIST, Albert Bandura say about moral behavior?

Answer 43

children learn more by watching others - if they see someone rewarded for certain behavior they believ they wil too.

Question 44

who are the 3 theorists that explains moral reasoning as the cognitive component of morality?

Answer 44

Piaget
Kohlberg
Eisenberg

Question 45

according to Piaget what is the 4 phases of moral development

Answer 45

Pre-moral: younger than 5- not understand rules
Moral realism- middle childhood- rules come from authority- not changed
Moral absolutism- circumstances or intentions not considered- wrong is wrong= immanent justice - if break rule- punished
Moral relativism- age 10- moral flexibility- rules can be changed

Question 46

According to Piaget, what are the 2 factors that contribute to the transition from moral realism to moral relativism?

Answer 46

cognitive maturation- less egocentic, better role-taking ability- different perspectives
social experience- equal status in peer, moral flexibility

Question 47

what are the confirmations and criticism of Piaget’s theory on moral development?

Answer 47

cognitive development before moral devlopment
higher cognitive level does not however mean higher level of moral development
criticism- he underestimate moral development of younger chidren/ not take cultural/socio economic differences among children into account
moral devlopment not complete at end of middle childhood like Piaget says- in adulthood

Question 48

what is kohlberg’s theory on moral development?

Answer 48

introduced perspective taking- the ability to understand psychological perspectives, motives and needs are NB

Question 49

according to Kohlberg, what are the 3 levels and stages of moral development?

Answer 49

pre-conventional- stage 1, 2- accept rules/ what is right is based on if its punihsed or not/ follow rules if it serves own interest
conventional, stage 3, 4- expectations, what society says is right
post-conventional- stage 5,6- universal rules, follow own ethical principles

Question 50

what is Eisenberg’s argument for moral development?

Answer 50

prosocial reasoining in child’s thought process to help someone or not. emotional and environmental factors influence prosocial reasoning

Question 51

how does family, peers and empathy influence moral reasoning and behavior?

Answer 51

family- parenting discussions and styles- prosocia behavior
peers- learn to compromise when argument over ruless happen- perspective taking ability
empathy- learn from warm parents to share, help, comfort

Question 52

define the terms religion and spirituality

Answer 52

religion- human institution to emboddy the belief in a God/gods- structure for mora behavior
spirituality- search for the sacred- pursuit of higher power

Question 53

what are the advantages of religion and spirituality in development of children?

Answer 53

positive mental health and well-being
security against hardships in life
social networks
enhance family relationships

Question 54

who formulated the best-known faith development theory?

Answer 54

james fowler

Question 55

what are the 4 fath development stages by Fowler?

Answer 55

Primal faith- to age 2- infant develop trust and support- then sense of security and safety about the universe
Intutive-projective faith- eary childhood- can dinstinguish between bad and good behavior- God/devil
Mythical-literal faith- middle childhood- can think logical but still take religious stories literal- rewarded in good/ punished if bad
Synthetic-conventional faith- adolescence- need for personal relationship with God- belief what everyone else believes- accept and not question church- move out of stage when develop own beliefs

Question 56

what are some ciritism of Fowler’s faith theory?

Answer 56

faith is broad term-open to many interpretations- complicates comparisons in research
underestimated the modern child- move against system
male-orienated and does not consider african religions