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Psychology 223 > Middle childhood: Cognitive development > Flashcards

Middle childhood: Cognitive development Flashcards

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1
Q

what is Piagt’s theory about cognitive development during middle childhood?

A

concrete operational stage- span 7-11 years old- child starts to use mental operations to solve probelms and to reason

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2
Q

what are mental operations?

A

startegies and rules that make thinking more systematic and more powerful

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3
Q

to what 3 categories can mental operations apply to?

A

numbers, objects, spatial relations among objects

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4
Q

which menatl operation did Piaget think is most critical? and what is the definition?

A

reversibility- understanding that both physical actions and mental operations may be reversed. operation has an inverse that may undo or reverse the effect

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5
Q

what does mental operations allow children to understand about classes?

A

there are hiearchies of classes- helps them to move both ways in thinking abour relationships

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6
Q

describe the phenomenon Piaget called: horizontal decalage

A

children do not readiy transfer what they learned about one type conservation to another type

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7
Q

why is concrete operational thinking more powerful than preoperational thinking?

A

Piaget said that preoperational thinking kids were ego-centric and centered in their thinking and confused appearnace for reality. these limitations diminish in concrete operational stage.

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8
Q

what does different perspectives and learning that evenst can be interpeted in different ways teach children?

A

problems have many facets- decentring and appearances can be deceptive

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9
Q

what are the limitations of concrete operational thinking?

A

limited to the tangible and real- cannot think abstarctly and hypothetically

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10
Q

how applicable is Piaget’s theory of concrete operations today?

A

his descriptions of changes during middle childhood has held up well
not paid enough attention to culture-based experiences

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11
Q

what does information-processing theorists believe rgarding developmental change?

A

occurs in several NB forms, rather than through a single mechanism such as equilibration (mental structure are recognised so that schemes may assimilate info more readily)

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12
Q

a working memory includes advances in which 2 crucial areas? and what does each one store?

A 
phonological loop (sounds and verbal material)
visual-spatial sketchpad (visual material)
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13
Q

what are 3 main examples of memory strategies?

A

rehearsal, organization, elaboration

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14
Q

what is procesing speed?

A

speed in which a person carry out cognitive processes - increases with age

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15
Q

what is automatic processing? and what is its advantage?

A

cognitive activities that virtually requires no effort

makes more cognitive capacity available for other cognitive tasks

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16
Q

what is knowledge base?

A

what children know. play NB role in memory performance

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17
Q

what is control processess? and which part of brain plays a NB role?

A

pulls memory, proessing speed and knowledge together and is called control processes or executive functions. refers to variety of cognitive skills, control impulsive behaviors
prefrontal cortex synchronise neural activity

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18
Q

what is a NB control process and why?

A

metacognition- allows person to evaluate cognitive taks, predict, monitor, adjust tasks

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19
Q

what is metamemory?

A

an informal understanding of memory

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20
Q

what is theory of mind and how does it become more refined? improvements of 3 things

A

refers to individual’s knowledge of how the mind works

improved metacogntion, metamemory, ability to reflect on mental life

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21
Q

what does higher-order cognitive tasks include?

A

reasoning, decision-making, problem-solving, thinking, acedemic skills. information tat has been stored in now used by these higher-cognitive proceses

22
Q

how applicble is the information-processing apprach? And what is its strenghts (3) and weaknesses (2)?

A

NB application in education , can predict acedemic sucess or classroom behavior difficulty
Influenced other approaches
Strenghts: is ability to express complexity of thought, precise analysis of perfromance, rigerous methodology
Weakness: developmental issues and ignores context of behaviors

23
Q

how does language significantly development during middle childhood?

A

lenght and complexity of sentences increase, grammatical forms are completely mastered
can understand abstarct meaning of words

24
Q

how do middle childhood kids use expression of language? and how does this allow them to adapt?

A

more use of facial expressions and gestures

adapt to social context in which sentences is used- more polite

25
Q

through which 2 processes does children acquire bilingualism or multilingualism?

A 
simultaneuous learning (at same time)
successive or consecutive learning (first learn 1 language then the other)
26
Q

what are the benefits of bilingualism or multilingualism?

A

perform better in test and analytical reasoning, verbal and non-verbal activity, concept formation, cognitive flexibility

27
Q

what does Brofenbrenner’s bio-ecological theory predict about implications that effects how children succeed acedemically?

A

each level of the context of the child’s life like the family, classroom, peers, culture influences how well they do at school

28
Q

what is the most important transition period in child’s life?

A

first day of primary school- nb milestone

29
Q

what are the 3 dimesnions of school readiness and elaborate?

A

children’s readiness for school: certain level of physical, cognitive, social and emotional maturity to meet demands of school
Readiness of schools for children: school environment that supports a smooth transition- create continuity
Readiness of families for school: attitudes of parents and their involvement in child’s early learning and transition to school

30
Q

what are the 3 advantages of being ready for school?

A

lays foundation for positive school performance and continued achievement
societies that invest in children see great return investment because crime is lower and lower cost of welfare, route out of poeverty
increase self-worth

31
Q

what is achievement motivation?

A

degree to which a person chooses to engage in and is trying to accomplish challenging tasks

32
Q

between what 3 interactions does children’s achievements involve?

A

belief systems, values, psychological goals

33
Q

on what 5 factors does attributions focus on?

A

Internal (ability, effort, strategy use) and external (luck, task difficulty)

34
Q

what are the 3 charcteristics of sucessful and unsucessful children?

A

sucessful: mastery orientation, incremental view of ability, learning goals
unsucessful: helpless orientation, entitiy view of ability, performance goals

35
Q

what are the 2 forms in which parents can motivate their children? and which one is most effective

A 
extrinsic motivation (rewards or punishment)
intrinsic motivation (cultivating pride in good work)- most effective- dont work for approval
36
Q

how does one’s socio-economic status influence educational achievement?

A

atmoshphere of the family (ability to provide), choice of neighborhood (area determine quality if school) and quality of schooling (attitudes) dtermines academic motivation.

37
Q

what are the 4 school contributions that leads to childrens’s achievement motivation?
and what is SA educational policy?

A

Clasroom climate: positive and emotional supportive classroom- higher achievements- good classroom managment and teaching skills are NB
School climate and structure: must focus on process of learning, smaller classes, regular family involvement
Educational policy: direct (type of system they are learned) and indirect (teachers ability to implement system)
Corporal punishement: physical force- rights of child- not allowed
SA educational policy = CAPS

38
Q

What model causes poor academic performance in SA?

A

instructional model- focus on school-based learning where children are evauated based on concepts and not on what they actually know outside the school environment

39
Q

what are 2 mismatches that can happen when a child learns inside and outside a school?

A

Teaching is based on the philosophy of individual learning- not benefit children from collectivist societies
Medium of instruction- not taught in their home language

40
Q

what is a defecit perspective that educators refer to?

A

blame parents and child for poor performance

41
Q

why is it important for children to be taught in their home language? Thus follow language medium of instruction

A

Easy acces to concepts-help with cognitive development

They learn another language better

42
Q

what is cognitive socialization and what are its important tools?

A

internalization process by which cultural tooola influence the development of cognitive process skills.
Media is an NB tool (educational TV programs)

43
Q

what 3 skills does playing computer and video games affect?

A

Spatial representational skills- ability to judge speeds and distance , visualise 2D and 3D objects
Iconic representational skills- read and interpret images
Attentional skills- divided visual attention- keeping track of multiple events on screen at same time

44
Q

what is intellectual disability and the 3 dimensions?

A

(chronic) limitation to mental activities and adaptive behavior.
Can be mild (small delays), moderate or profound (serious sensory, motor and intellectual delays)

45
Q

what 3 factors puts people at serious risk of intellectual disability?

A

organic or biomedical factors- genetics, trauma, maulnutrition
social factors- poverty, abuse, violence
educational factors- impaired parenting/education

46
Q

what are the effects of poor academic achievement?

A

dissaproval, rejection, bullying, lower self esteem/confidence, lead to anxiety/depression, withdrawel from social interaction

47
Q

what is a learning dissability? and its cause?

A

affects manner in which children with average or above-average take in info- is diagnosed!
info becomes scrambled and passes senses of the brain- limitations in speech, reading, writing
Cause- genetics lead to abnormal brain functioning

48
Q

what does ADHD stand for and what is it?

A

Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder
children who consistantly and repeatedly show age-innappropriate behavior of 2 categories - inattention and hyperactivity
Not all children show both.

49
Q

what is the cause of ADHD and is there a cure?

A

spesific cause is unknown- genetics and neurobiological factors can increase risk
abnormalities in frontal areas of cortex associated with behavioral inhibition
NO cure- only help cope via: medication, parent management training and educational intervention

50
Q

what is “giftedness”? and what is the 3 main characteristics of a gifted child? and how are they different from their peers?

A

describe children with high achievements and exceptional talents in multiple/ selected areas.

Special talents are obvious from young age
Exceptional teacher devotion and child learn himself
Obsessive passion to understand their domain

More mature than peers and has less emotional problems

51
Q

what is creativity and how is it fostered in divergent thinkers?

A

ability to think and produce in novel and unusaul ways

creative children are divergent thinkers- has multiple answers

52
Q

how is children with special needs treated in SA educational system?

A

SA adopted an inclusive educational system- special needs children are included in mainstream education
human right policies- no discrimination and realization of full potential

Psychology 223 (9 decks)

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