Adolescence: Social development

Question 1

parents and peers form the social context during social deevelopment in adolescence, describe the parent-adolescent relationship

Answer 1

parent-adolescent relationship= support system and conflict is regarded as normal
relationship is challenged by values, regualtions by parents, distance from parents and arguments
parents upset by changes and become more controlling -more conflict with mother - active in daily life

Question 2

what are the reasons for the changes in interactional patterns during early adolescence?

Answer 2

biological changes- hormones, puberty- mood swings
cognt chnages- more arguments, idealism, questions
adolscent egocentrism
dev of own identity
social dev- increase independence
parent also go through miflide changes- diff moods and struggles- less available

Question 3

what are the goals that adolescence strive to achieve in the process of becoming independent?

Answer 3

cognitive autnomy- dcisions and responsibility for it
behavioral autonomy- making choices regarding friends, finances, leisure time
emotional autonomy- self-relaint, self-control
moral/value autonomy- form own value system- guideline for own behavior

Question 4

how does the adolescent and the parent experience ambivalence (doubt, uncertainty)

Answer 4

Adolescent- strive for independence but sometimes unsure when faced with new experiences - long for carefree childhood bu also strive for independence
Parent- end of meaningful role as educators, aware of their increasing age- concerned about child’s welfare- inconsistant behavior- treat child as a child then as an adult

Question 5

what are the 3 parenting styles that influence adolescent’s social development?

Answer 5

authoritive- independence, discipline, limits, reason, caring, affection, adolescence can rely on themselves and are socially independent
authoritarian- restrictive, strict control, socially incompetent, anxiety, not initiative
permissive- no control from parents, adolescent make own decisions, socially incompetent, limited self-control

Question 6

esplain the 2 dimensions of parenting behavior

Answer 6

love-hostility

autonomy-control

Question 7

what is the reciprocal ot bi-directional effects?

Answer 7

parents influence adolescent behavior, adolescent also influence parent’s behavior

Question 8

what are the 5 stages for forming the structure of a peer group?

Answer 8

stage 1- small groups- cliques- 5 to 7 memebrs same age and gender- sense of belonging
stage 2- girls and boy cliques integrate- less intimidating
stage 3- popular members form own group
stage 4- heterosexual clique form a crowd- same interest- operate with oppisite sex- not all accepted
stage 5- crowd disintegrates, served its purpose to bring 2 genders together

Question 9

what is conformity and why doe young adolescence tend to conform?
what are the benefits of conforming to peer group

Answer 9

willing to change behavior to fit into group
young conform- sensitive to approval- not yet that independent and self-confident
benefits- sense of security in striving towards independence

Question 10

for what does adolescence develop a greater need for with regards to friendships?
what are the type of support friendship gives?

Answer 10

intimacy and self-disclosure (emot attachment, trust, shared interets)
cope with stressors, prevent loneliness and isolation, self-disclosure and honest communication help to get to know eachother and be sensitive- empathy

Question 11

what are the 3 stages heterosexual relationships develop in?

Answer 11

1 entering romantic attraction and affiliation (11-13)= triggered by puberty- crushes- dating in group
2 exploring romantic relationships (14-16)= causal and group dating
3 consolidating romantic bonds (17-19)= serious emotional bonds, more stable and enduring

Question 12

what are the benefits of friendship and romantic relationship?

Answer 12

independence, identity formation, companionship, communication skills, interactional and social skills

Question 13

what are the 4 phases of romantic relationships in adolescence?

Answer 13

initiation phase- explore- can be ridiculed by friends
status phase- confidence- evaluation of peers
affection phase- friend is support- help resolve conflict
bonding phase- friends opinion less important but can give advice

Question 14

how does ICT (info com tech) play important role in the developmental needs of adolescence?

Answer 14

identity exploration and experimentation- look for answers to their questions in cybersoace and the roles they must play
intimicacy and belonging- interact on internet- sense of belonging
seperation from parents and family-
venting frustrations
mastery and accomplishment

Question 15

negative factors of cyberspace for adolescence

Answer 15

exposed to bad material, vent in negative ways, cyberbullying, groups not best interest, artificial online friends, longing for sexual intimcay leaves them vulnerabe to cybersex, internet addiction

Question 16

how is a personal value system acquired in adolescence?

Answer 16

question existing values, decide which are acceptable and incorporate them - thorigh this they develop a moral self-conceot which allow them to make decisions and guide behavior coping with new challenges and social influences

Question 17

describe the psycoanalytic theory of moral development in adolescence

Answer 17

superego is moral judge of behavior- values of parents is unconciously transferred.
re-externalisation of the superego means that values adopted by superego during childhood are now experiences conciously- they have been evualted and tested- new more mature value system

Question 18

describe the social learning theory of moral development in adolescence
how does Bandura’s theory of model agency fit it?

Answer 18

moral values learned through observing and imitating behavior
in adolescence- parental values were observed but imitating not acceptable
Bandura theory of model agency- people are active agets whoa ctively pursuit their goals- judge own moral standards. regulate behavior by anticipated consequences- do things that bring satisfaction

Question 19

what is moral disengagement?

Answer 19

cognitive distortion when indivudal regard their amoral behavior as socially and morallly favourable, and not contradicting their personal values- rule breaking and justifies it “everybody does it”

Question 20

describe the cognitive perspective: Kohlberg’s theory of moral development in adolescence

Answer 20

moral reasoning in 3 level
1 pre-conventional morality= attained during childhood, most have level 2 characteristics in middle childhood
conventional morality= conform to social order and expectations- moral reasoning less egocentric- behavior is now judged
post-conventional morality= highest level of morality. morality of self-accepted or autnomous moral principles- own values- independent from group - alternative principles are recognised- conform to estbalish to norms if they promote wellfare

Question 21

evaluate Kohlberg’s theory

Answer 21

nb contribution to the knwoledge of the dev of moral reasoning. critics:
Gender bias- studies of moral reasoning of men- M/F differ- W- care perspective and M- justice perspective
Research methodology- reliability and validity is low- no prood that participant reflect their own moral reasoning- simplistic
Moral reasoning and behavior- no correlation between moral thought and behavior but people do not always do what they say
Cultural bias- he said it was universal but individuals in industrialisedplaces move faster between stages/ collectivist cultures move slower - favoured individualistic rhinking of west
Emphasis on cognitive development- not just cogn dev that has influence on moral dev- he placed too musch emphasis on it

Question 22

what are the 7 factors that influence the development of morals in adolescence?

Answer 22

1 cognition- characteristics of formal-operational thinking plays role of personal value system- thin and eavluate- perspective and role-taking
2 personality- flexible, open-minded linked to gains in moral reasoning- more social participation/ exposure
3 parental attitudes and actions- authoritive approach to foster moral understanding - internal sense of morality
4 peer interaction- diff viewpoints- gain moral dev they can discuss moral issue- independence in moral thinking
5 religion- more morality responsibility for youth who is religious-concern for others- participation can lead to moral reasoning
6 schooling - teacher is model for moral behavior - particpate in discussion or new social issues have better moral reasonin
7 demographical regions- in western and non-western- stage 5 highest, traditional society- stage 3/4- but does not mean they are less moral

Question 23

by what 2 aspects are immature morality identified?

Answer 23

egocentrism- not see others viewpoints

heterenomous acceptanceof others value system- under authority of others-no own value system