Mid-Term Study Guide Flashcards
Define Renaissance.
The period of history between the 14th and 17th centuries when there was a new interest in science, ancient art, and literature. (especially in Italy) - rebirth
Who were the d’Medici?
The d’Medici’s were a wealthy Italian family with a wide range of history throughout the early centuries. - banking family, highly influential in politics
Why is da Vinci considered a true Renaissance man?
He is considered a true Renaissance man because he was extremely talented, in many aspects. He was a painter, engineer, sculptor and even studied the human anatomy. In addition to that, he is thought to have been a very handsome man with great strength and a fine singing voice.
Why did Martin Luther dislike indulgences?
He felt that it was wrong to promise that souls would be relieved from purgatory based on a simple contribution, and he also felt that the pope did not have the right to grant a pardon from God. - only God could remove sins, not the church
Why was Machiavelli a controversial figure?
The Prince, he was very practical and was kinda a villain (be feared. he thought he could just control people
What was a dowry?
Property or money brought by a bride to her husband. -
What was the first Protestant faith?
Lutheranism
Who was Christine de Pizan?
An Italian medieval writer. She is well known for her works written in defense of women. - was paid
Why did Castiglione write the Book of the Courtier?
Proper edict and described the renaissance men
Define philosophy
The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline. - study of knowledge & and thinking
What was the central issue of the Hundred Years’ War? Who fought? Who won?
The central issue was gaining control over the throne of France. It was fought between France and England. France won. - England was trying to get control of France
What was the purpose of the Reconquista?
Christians tried to take back Iberian Peninsula from muslims
Define secular-
Being uninterested in religion or religious matters; The opposite of sacred.
Describe a patron of the arts.
Someone who acts as a patron to or supports charities, organizations, and individuals that work in or concern the arts. - bought art
What does it mean to work “in the vernacular”?
write in modern day language
How did the intellectual and cultural movement known as Humanism come about?
thriving cities, wealthy merchants
Why is Johann Gutenberg significant?
invented printing press
Which religious group believed in predestination? What is predestination?
Calvinism - predestination is where God already has chosen your path and your fate is sealed
Who founded the Jesuits and for what reason?
Ignatious of loyola - for missionary work
Why did other religions refer to Anabaptists as RADICAL Christians?
extremely strict and baptism later in life
What did the Act of Supremacy do?
The Act of Supremacy was legislation in 1534 that granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy, which means that he was declared the supreme head of the Church of England. - put him in charge of church of England
Who painted the Last Supper and the Mona Lisa?
Leonardo da Vinci
Why is Roberto Valturio important?
Roberto Valturio was an Italian engineer and writer born in Rimini. He was the author of De Re military (history of warfare)
Who is the most famous Elizabethan playwright?
Shakespeare
Why is John Wycliff important?
John Wycliff translated the Bible into English, opposed some of the teachings of the Catholic Church, and is considered the main precursor of the Protestant Reformation.
Who was Petrarch?
Petrarch was an Italian scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists. - father of humanism
Who was Massacio?
Masaccio was the first great Italian painter of the Quattrocento period of the Italian Renaissance. - ceresto
Who was Michelangelo?
Michelangelo was famous for painting the Sistine Chapel and carving the statue of David. -
Who was Geoffrey Chaucer?
Geoffrey Chaucer was known as the father of English Literature and is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages. - used vernacular
What was the Spanish Armada?
The Spanish Armada was a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in August 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England.
Who was John Locke?
English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. - people became who they are through experiences - blank slate
Define laissez-faire-
Laissez-faire - a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering - hands off - gov should not be involved
Who was Adam Smith?
Adam Smith was a Scottish moral philosopher, pioneer of political economy. - gov should be involved in only 3 things - military, police, public works
q
Why is Galileo important?
he was one of the first people that started going off the church and going with science. - sun center of universe - telescope
Define bureaucracy-
a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected (appointed) representatives
Define mercantilism-
Mercantilism - belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism - colonies exist to support mother country
Define capitalism-
Capitalize - private individuals involved with businesses
Who became the head of the English or Anglican Church? (Church of England)
King Henry VIII was the person who became the head of the English or Anglican church.
What was determined at the Council of Trent?
The Council helped revitalize the Catholic Church by turning the purpose to help the poor, and focus on good works. - define dogma
The Peace of Augsburg ended a war between which two groups?
The Peace of Augsburg ended the conflict between German Princes and The Holy Roman Emperor. - Charles V and the Lutheran princes
What were the basic terms of the Treaty of Westphalia?
The Treaty of Westphalia was an agreement between nations that established that individual rights - Netherlands independence from Spain, Swiss independence from Austria and Germany gained autonomy
How did Prince Henry of Portugal help with overseas exploration?
Prince Henry of Portugal helped with oversea expirations by teaches sailors navigation techniques. - navigation institute - taught many sailors
What discovery did Vasco da Gama make for Portugal?
Vasco de Gama crossed the India ocean and reached India bringing back lots of profit. - 1st european to reach India by sea - trade route to Asia around Africa
How did the encomienda system help New Spain?
The encomienda system was created by the Spanish to control and regulate Native American labor and behavior during the colonization of the Americas. - gave americas rights to enslave native americans
What was the purpose of most joint-stock companies of the 1500s and 1600s?
Most joint-stock companies of the 1500s and 1600s were formed simply to exploit new markets. - people buying parts on a company - sold stock to investors
Where specifically did Columbus land first?
Columbus is believed to first land in san salvador
What kinds of products came to the New World FROM Europe during the Columbian Exchange?
Some of the products brought to the Americas were rice, wheat, grapes, pigs, horses
What kinds of products went to the Old World FROM the Americas during the Columbian Exchange?
Some of the new products brought to Europe were tobacco, tomatoes, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, avocados
Which war is classified as the FIRST truly global war?
7 years War (french and indian war)
Who was Cardinal Richelieu?
Carinal Richelieu was a French clergyman, noble and statesman. - cardinal for King Louis 13 - reduce power for nobles and give more to king
How was Thomas Hobbes different from most of the other philosophes that we discussed?
saw no human potential and life was pointless - humans were evil
What was the Glorious Revolution?
The Glorious Revolution was when William of Orange took the English throne from James II in 1688. - King William took throne from James II
Why did Charles V give up his throne?
Charles chose to step down from his throne because his health problems were slowly becoming more severe. - never had supreme authority - he was a failure
What is the difference between an absolute and a constitutional monarchy?
Constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a king or queen acts as Head of State (there is a constitution monarchs have to bide by). An Absolute monarchy is a monarchical form of government in which the monarch has absolute power among his or her people. -
Define Deism-
Deism - The belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe. - made the world then left it alone
What was the outcome of the Seven Years’ War?
The British became the best Empire of Europe and continued to reign for centuries. - british hegemony
Why was the “divine right” idea an important concept to kings?
It said that it was there birth right to rule over people. - God gave them right to rule and helped stop rebellions
Who came to the throne of England during the Glorious Revolution?
King William of Orange
What was the purpose of the Edict of Nantes?
granted Calvinists protestants french rights in the nation of France
What was the purpose of the palace at Versailles?
housed the king - gorgeous house - gained more power (Louis 14th)
What is the main difference between the Ptolemaic and Copernican theories?
potolemaic (earth = center of universe - geocentric) & copernican (sun = center of universe)
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson
What happened on July 4, 1776?
America gained there Independence
How did Montesquieu influence the U.S. Constitution?
said the branches of gov, separation of powers
Why did the American colonists dislike the Stamp Act?
The colonist did not like the Stamp Act because they did not like the idea of taxation with out representation.
Which act(s) was passed to PUNISH the colonists for the Boston Tea Party?
The Intolerable Act
Why is Thomas Paine referred to as the Father of the American Revolution?
He gave the push to go for the Revolution and his book made loyalists become for the Revolution. - Common Sense
Which document marked the beginning of the Unites States and is an important symbol today?
The Declaration of Independence or treaty of paris
What were the Articles of Confederation?
The Articles of Confederation were the original constitution of the US, ratified in 1781, which was replaced by the US Constitution in 1789. - substitute constitution, loose government and was weak and was a failure
What is the purpose of the Preamble of the Constitution?
The Preamble is the opening statement to the United States Constitution. The preamble explains the reasons why the Framers of the Constitution made our government a republic. - goals of government and constitution
What is the Bill of Rights?
The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.
Why is the Bill of Rights important?
The Bill of Rights is important because it limited the control of government.
