Imperialism Flashcards
understanding between Britain, France, and Russia that developed between 1894 and 1907
TRIPLE ENTENTE
secret alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed in 1882
TRIPLE ALLIANCE
system of government in which a province is controlled by a central government.
DIRECT RULE
system of government of one nation by another in which the governed people retain certain administrative, legal, and other powers
INDIRECT RULE
British writer whose witty, urbane novels include The World My Wilderness (1950) and The Towers of Trebizond (1956)
LORD MACAULAY
Welsh journalist and explorer who was famous for his exploration of central Africa and his search for missionary and explorer David Livingstone “Mr.s Livingstone I presume”
HENRY STANLEY
Scottish Congregationalist pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and an explorer in Africa
David Livingstone
principle of US policy, originated by President James Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the US
MONROE DOCTRINE
only two in Africa not colonized by Europe yet
LIBERIA AND ETHIOPIA
task that white colonizers believed they had to impose their civilization on the black inhabitants of their colonies
“WHITE MAN’S BURDEN”
broad-based political party in India. Founded in 1885, it dominated the independence movement in the 1930s under Mahatma Gandhi, and has been the principal party in government since 1947
INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
British colonial administrator who founded Singapore
SIR RAFFLES
48-mile ship canal in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a key conduit for international maritime trade
PANAMA CANAL
append or add as an extra or subordinate part, especially to a document
ANNEX
sea-level canal in NE Egypt, crossing the Isthmus of Suez and linking the Mediterranean with the Red Sea
SUEZ CANAL
United States prizefighter who won the world heavyweight championship three times (born in 1942) 2. n. Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state
MUHAMMAD ALI
Filipino general who played an important role in the Philippine Revolution against Spain, and later led Filipino insurgent soldiers against American forces.
EMILIO AGUINALDO
US naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War
COMMODORE DEWEY
he prime minister of India, Hindu leader and social reformer
GANDHI
Mexican revolutionary and political leader & president 1911–13
MADERO
Mexican revolutionary leader who fought in the Mexican Revolution, led a revolt for agrarian reforms, and was later assassinated
ZAPATA
a thing that is granted, especially in response to demands; a thing conceded
CONCESSION
person who opposes official policy, especially that of an authoritarian state
DISSIDENT
person who knows and is able to use several languages
POLYGLOT
soldier of the Ottoman Empire in an elite guard
JANISSARY CORPS
self-governing country or region
AUTONOMY
legal or treasury official in some countries or relating to government revenue, especially taxes
FISCAL
the action of surrendering or ceasing to resist an opponent or demand
CAPITULATION
reform-minded Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807
SULTAN SELIM III
1785–1839 Ottoman sultan
MAHMUD II
a body of Muslim scholars recognized as having specialist knowledge of Islamic sacred law and theology
ULAMA
intended to effectuate a fundamental change of the empire from the old system based on theocratic principles to that of a modern state, series of reforms promulgated in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876
TANZIMAT REFORMS
secret society established in 1865, converting the Turkish-dominated multinational Ottoman Empire into a more purely Turkish state and called for the creation of a constitutional government
YOUNG OTTOMANS
a ruler or other person who holds absolute power, typically one who exercises it in a cruel or oppressive way
DESPOT
Turkish sultan Abdul-Hamid II (1842-1918) was a ruler of the Ottoman Empire
ABDÜL HAMID II
leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others
HEGEMONY
A city of southern Ukraine in Crimea on the Black Sea west of Yalta. Founded on the site of an ancient Greek colony, it became Russia’s principal Black Sea naval base after the late 18th century. The city resisted lengthy sieges during the Crimean War and World War II
SEVASTOPOL
he Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 through March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia - The war arose from the conflict of great powers in the Middle East and was more directly caused by Russian demands to exercise protection over the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman sultan. Another major factor was the dispute between Russia and France over the privileges of the Russian Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches in the holy places in Palestine
CRIMEAN WAR
czar of Russia, introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs
CZAR ALEXANDER II
fact or process of being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions; liberation
EMANCIPATION
one of a system of elected councils established in tsarist Russia to administer local affairs after the abolition of serfdom
ZEMSTVOS
highly influential Russian policy-maker. He was a witness of the abolition of serfdom and the first Russian revolution
COUNT SERGEI WITTE
built with help of French and British from 1891-1916 it would be the world’s longest continuous railway. It connected European Russia with Russian ports on the Pacific Ocean in the east
TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY
a moving force, impulse, stimulus
IMPETUS
intellectuals; members of the educated elite
INTELLIGENTSIA
process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire
RUSSIFICATION
terrorists in Russia who began to promote the assassination of prominent officials as a means to pressure the government into political reform
LAND AND FREEDOM PARTY/PEOPLE’S WILL
Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin
NICHOLAS II
War between Russia and Japan; Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its control. Russia is humiliated
RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR
massacre in St. Petersburg, Russia, of peaceful demonstrators marking the beginning of the violent phase of the Russian Revolution of 1905
BLOODY SUNDAY/JANUARY 1905
A Russian council composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers
SOVIETS
The elected parliament. Though through establishing this is seemed like the Czar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn’t like
DUMA
ast imperial dynasty of China; population numbers doubled because there was more food
QING DYNASTY AND OPIUM TRADE
War between Britain and China. government’s refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories of china bc it was ruining there society; Britain won & imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China
OPIUM WAR
made in 1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of chinese territory and conduct trading business in china under their own laws; this treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these were Hong Kong.
GRAND CANAL
The most destructive civil war in China before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. Leader claimed to be the brother of Jesus
TAIPING REBELLION
attempts at the reform of Chinese government and society in the 19th
TAIPING REFORM PROGRAM
was a village school teacher, proved both inspiration and leadership for the Taiping rebellion. Wanted destruction of the Qing dynasty
HONG XIUQUAN
late nineteenth century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways
SELF-STRENGTHENING MOVEMENT
Led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao . Established Imperial University of Beijing and an all new education system. They innitialted many new Chiefs for offices. They also made a government budget. It ended without much success by Cixi.
HUNDRED DAYS REFORMS
Ruling through a clique of conservative, corrupt officials and maintaining authority over the Manchu imperial house - one of the most powerful women in the history of China
EMPRESS DOWAGE CIXI
rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the “foreign devils” *(aka: british). rebellion ended by British troops.
BOXER REBELLION
The 1899 Boxer Rebellion was organized by them… they were traditionalists
SOCIETY OF RIGHTEOUS & HARMONIOUS FISTS
Abolished samurai and daimyo debt. Abolished merchant guilds. Forced peasants from cities back to the farm land. Shogun’s chief advisor.
MIZUNO TADAKUNI
series of reactionary policy changes and edicts which were intended to cure a range of perceived problems which had developed in mid-18th century Tokugawa Japan
TOKUGAWA REFORMS
most dramatic undertakings during old navy. to japan 1853/4. treaty permitting some am’n access
COMMODORE MATTHEW C. PERRY
the final period of traditional Japan, a time of internal peace, political stability, and economic growth under the shogunate (military dictatorship) founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu
ND of TOKUGAWA BAKUFU
Modernized china and re-established the emperorship. Led Japan to great prosperity
EMPEROR MEIJI
equality, as in amount, status, or value
PARITY
Fukoku Kyohei, meaning Enriching the Country, strengthen the army
“RICH COUNTRY, STRONG ARMY”
More than any other intellectual, he popularized Western thought, ideas and customs
FUKUZAWA YUKICHI
This Japanese Meiji era traveler went out on four occasions. He went to Europe and drew inspiration from Germany to write a constitution for Japan. He also guided the writing of the constitution
ITO HIROBUMI
in the japanese Meiji Restoration, a territory governed by its former daimyo lord
PREFECTURES
having to do with a city and its surrounding communities
METROPOLITAN
A military draft
CONSCRIPTION
major restructuring of the previous land taxation system, and established the right of private land ownership in Japan for the first time
MEIJI TAX SYSTEM
to make known publicly
PROMULGATE
Assembly or legislature
DIET
Adopted in 1889, modeled after that of imperial Germany. Gave most authority to executive branch
MEIJI CONSTITUTION
Sent thousands students overseas to learn
MEIJI EDUCATION
between the United States and Japan; opened the ports of Kanagawa and four other Japanese cities to trade and granted extraterritoriality to foreigners, among a number of trading stipulations
MEIJI COMMERCE AND TRADE
Large conglomerate corporations through which key elite families exerted a great deal of political and economic power in Imperial Japan. By WWII, four of them controlled most of the economy of Japan
ZAIBATSU
Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Hamid, also called the “Young Turks”, desired to restore 1876 constitution
OTTOMAN SOCIETY FOR UNION AND PROGRESS
relating to, used for, or prescribing the punishment of offenders under the legal system
PENAL
the state of being insolvent; inability to pay one’s debts.
INSOLVENCY
