ARVpt1 Flashcards
English philosopher his works lie at the foundation of modern philosophical empiricism and political liberalism.
John Locke
Author wrote the satirical novella Candide and, despite controversy during his lifetime, is widely considered one of France’s greatest Enlightenment writers.
Voltaire
best known as an influential 18th-century philosopher who wrote the acclaimed work A Discourse on the Arts and Sciences.
Rousseau
highly influential political thinker during the Age of Enlightenment
Montesquieu
Scottish social philosopher and political economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations and achieved the first comprehensive system of political economy.
Adam Smith
the war (1756-63) in which England and Prussia defeated France, Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Saxony
Seven Years’ War/ French and Indian War
British colonies on the east coast of North America which had been founded between 1607 and 1732, stretching from New England to the northern border of the Floridas
13 Colonies
forbade all settlement past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains
Proclamation of 1763
colonial merchants had been required to pay a tax of six pence per gallon on the importation of foreign molasses
Sugar Act
exacted revenue from the American colonies by imposing a stamp duty on newspapers and legal and commercial documents
Stamp Act
acts passed by the Parliament of Great Britain relating to the British colonies in North America
Townshend Act
final straw in a series of unpopular policies and taxes imposed by Britain on her American colonies.
Tea Act
provide the British soldiers with any needed accommodations or housing
Quartering Act
series of laws that restricted the use of foreign ships for trade between Britain and its colonies
Navigation Acts
an administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America.
Dominion of New England
king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 to 1688, and the last Stuart monarch in the direct male line. He was deposed in the Glorious Revolution.
King James II
English administrator in North America who made an abortive attempt to stem growing colonial independence by imposing a kind of supercolony, the Dominion of New England
Sir Edmund Andros
was the last genuine revolution in Britain
Glorious Revolution
long-term 17th & 18th-century British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England.
Salutary neglect
a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower
Cash Crop
a pattern of colonial commerce in which slaves were bought on the African Gold Coast with New England rum and then traded in the West Indies for sugar or molasses, which was brought back to New England to be manufactured into rum
Slavery and Triangular Trade
A slogan of the Revolutionary War and the years before. The colonists were not allowed to choose representatives to parliament in London, which passed the laws under which they were taxed
Taxation without Representation
street fight between a “patriot” mob, throwing snowballs, stones, and sticks, and a squad of British soldiers.
Boston Massacre
a raid on three British ships in Boston Harbor in which Boston colonists, disguised as Indians, threw the contents of several hundred chests of tea into the harbor as a protest against British taxes on tea
Boston Tea Party
the American Patriots’ term for a series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament after the Boston Tea party
Intolerable Acts
British general and a military commander in the early days of the American Revolution. A military government involving the suspension of ordinary law.
Thomas Gage/martial law
helped organize the Boston Tea Party and signed the U.S. Declaration of Independence
Samuel Adams
an organization of American colonists. Formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government
Sons of Liberty
A meeting of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies that met early in the American Revolution. A convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting soon after warfare, declared that the American Revolutionary War had begun.
Continental Congress (1st and 2nd)
ast ditch effort of American colonists to make peace with the British crown. He denied this.
Olive Branch Petition/King George III
those who wanted to stay loyal to the king or break away from Great Britain and form a new country
Loyalists vs. Patriots
the formal statement written by Thomas Jefferson declaring the freedom of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain
Declaration of Independence
18th century U.S. merchant who was president of the Continental Congress and the first person to sign the Declaration of Independence.
John Hancock
wife of President John Adams and the mother of John Quincy Adams, who became the sixth president of the United States
Abigail Adams
a draftsman of the Declaration of Independence and the third U.S. president. He was also responsible for the Louisiana Purchase
Thomas Jefferson
an English American writer and pamphleteer whose “Common Sense” and other writings influenced the American Revolution, and helped pave the way for the Declaration of Independence.
Thomas Paine
a leader of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, and was the first to become U.S. president.
George Washington
The fourth U.S. president believed in a robust yet balanced federal government and is known as the “Father of the Constitution.”
James Madison
the armed conflict between Great Britain and thirteen of its North American colonies, which had declared themselves the independent United States of America.
American Revolution
first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War
Lexington and Concord
the first major battle of the American Revolution
Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed’s Hill)
a member of a class of American militiamen who volunteered to be ready for service at a minute's notice
Minutemen
military camp in southeastern Pennsylvania
Valley Forge
marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War
Battle of Saratoga
the British to surrender and effectively ending the American Revolutionary War
Battle of Yorktown
signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America ending the American Revolutionary War.
Peace of Paris (Treaty of Paris)
This document served as the United States’ first constitution.
Articles of Confederation
met to address the problems of the weak central government that existed under the Articles of Confederation.
Constitutional Convention 1787
A document that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed.
United States Constitution
the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, guaranteeing such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship.
Bill of Rights
the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives.
Popular Sovereignty
the introductory part of a statute or deed, stating its purpose, aims, and justification.
Preamble
Special Collections Archival Papers concerning the Civil War
Articles of the USC
the federal principle or system of government
Federalism
counterbalancing influences by which an organization or system is regulated
Checks and Balances
the national legislative body of a country
Congress
Composed of or based on two legislative chambers or branches.
Bicameralism
an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies
Separation of Powers
