Ch.24 Flashcards
a multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806.
Holy Roman Empire
a coastal region in western Europe, consisting especially of the Netherlands and Belgium, and the low-lying delta of the Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt, and Ems rivers where much of the land is at or below sea level.
Low Countries
the practice of, and belief in, magical skills and abilities that are able to be exercised individually
Witchcraft
?
Huguenots and Henry Navarre
Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, the childless Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
Elizabeth Tudor
Philip II was King of Spain from 1556 and of Portugal from 1581. From 1554 he was King of Naples and Sicily as well as Duke of Milan. During his marriage to Queen Mary I, he was also King of England and Ireland.
King Phillip II
a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in August 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England.
Spanish Armada
a sustained increase in the general level of prices for goods and services
Inflation
?
Thirty Year’s War {Motives and Effects}
a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster.
Treaty of Westphalia
the mainstay of European armies between 1660 and 1840
Flintlock Musket
ruler of the Holy Roman Empire,
Charles V
an unofficial appellation among historians for the countries and provinces that were ruled by the junior Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg until 1780.
Habsburg Dynasty
King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later assumed the Kingship, of Ireland, and continued the nominal claim by English monarchs to the Kingdom of France.
Henry VIII
a permanent, often professional, army. It is composed of full-time soldiers and is not disabled during times of peace
Standing Armies
established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile.
Spanish Inquisition
belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) doctrine.
Heresy
England and the Netherlands
Constitutional States
a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists in the Kingdom of England over, principally, the manner of its government.
English Civil War
the highest legislature, consisting of the sovereign, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons.
Parliament
monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.
King Charles I
an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.
Olivia Cromwell
also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England, VII of Scotland and II of Ireland by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau
Glorious Revaluation
a British Law, passed by the Parliament of Great Britain in 1689 that declared the rights and liberties of the people and settling the succession in William and Mary.
English Bill of Rights
Rising prices
Inflation
Became deadly weapons on the battlefield allowing two shots per minute
Flintlock Musket
- Set forth Parliament’s right to make laws and levy taxes
* Created a system of government based on the rule of law and a freely elected Parliament
English Bill of Rights
Fredrick William’s son
King Frederick I
a monarchical form of government in which the monarch has absolute power among his or her people.
Absolute Monarchy
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Dutch Merchants
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English Merchants
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Louis XIV
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Cardinal Richelieu
a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.
Bureaucracy
?
Versailles
Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia in personal union. The latter function he upgraded to royalty, becoming the first King in Prussia.
King Frederick I
the last imperial dynasty to rule Russia. During the Romanov reign Russia became and remained a major European power.
Romanov Dynasty
?
Peter I
?
St. Petersburg
the most renowned and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia, reigning from 1762 until her death in 1796 at the age of 67.
Catherine II
a pretender to the Russian throne who led a great Cossack insurrection during the reign of Catherine II.
Yemelian Pugachev
?
Lessons of the Partitions
the idea that national security is enhanced when military capabilities are distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate all others.
Balance-of-Power Diplomacy
an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
Capitalism
?
Banks
a medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power.
Guilds
system widespread in 17th-century western Europe in which merchant-employers “put out” materials to rural producers who usually worked in their homes but sometimes laboured in workshops or in turn put out work to others.
Putting Out System
?
Serdom & Law Code of 1649
he was a Scottish moral philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment.
Adam Smith
he was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe.
Nicolaus Copernicus
he was an Italian astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician who played a major role in the scientific revolution during the Renaissance.
Galileo Galilei
a law that states which holds that a moving body will continue to move in a straight line until some force in- tervenes to check or alter its motion.
Modern Law of Inertia
he was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution.
Isaac Newton
the action of enlightening or the state of being enlightened; a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.
Enlightenment
he was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and known as the “Father of Classical Liberalism”.
John Locke
he was an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy. His 1651 book Leviathan established social contract theory, the foundation of most later Western political philosophy.
Thomas Hobbes
he was a French lawyer, man of letters, and political philosopher who lived during the Age of Enlightenment
Montesquieu
he was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state.
Voltaire
they believe in the existence of God, on purely rational grounds, without any reliance on revealed religion, religious authority, or holy text. Because of this, Deism is quite different from religions like Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
Deists
he was a philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th century. His political philosophy influenced the Enlightenment in France and across Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the overall development of modern political and educational thought.
Rousseau
the sovereignty of the people is the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power.
Popular sovereignty
the idea that advances in technology, science, and social organization can produce an improvement in the human condition.
Theory of Progress
